Table 1 The environmental impact of... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

The environmental impact of population, affluence and technology

Population	Affluence		Technology
Population	$\times \frac{Capital stock}{Person}$	$\times \frac{Material throughput}{Capital stock}$	$\times \frac{Energy}{Material throughput}$	$\times \frac{Environmental impact}{Energy}$
Applicable tools
Family planningFemale literacySocial welfareRole of womenLand tenure	ValuesPricesFull costingWhat do we want?What is enough?	Product longevityMaterial choiceMinimum materials designRecycle, reuseScrap recovery	End-use efficiencyConversion efficiencyDistribution efficiencySystem integrationProcess redesign	Benign sourcesScaleSitingTechnical mitigationOffsets
Approximate scope for long-term change
∼2×	?	∼3−10×	∼5–10×	∼10²–10³⁺×
Time scale of major change
∼50−100 years	∼0–50 years	∼0–20 years	∼0–30 years	∼0–50 years

Population	Affluence		Technology
Population	$\times \frac{Capital stock}{Person}$	$\times \frac{Material throughput}{Capital stock}$	$\times \frac{Energy}{Material throughput}$	$\times \frac{Environmental impact}{Energy}$
Applicable tools
Family planningFemale literacySocial welfareRole of womenLand tenure	ValuesPricesFull costingWhat do we want?What is enough?	Product longevityMaterial choiceMinimum materials designRecycle, reuseScrap recovery	End-use efficiencyConversion efficiencyDistribution efficiencySystem integrationProcess redesign	Benign sourcesScaleSitingTechnical mitigationOffsets
Approximate scope for long-term change
∼2×	?	∼3−10×	∼5–10×	∼10²–10³⁺×
Time scale of major change
∼50−100 years	∼0–50 years	∼0–20 years	∼0–30 years	∼0–50 years

Source: Hammond (2004); adapted from Meadows et al. (1992) and based on the original estimates made by Amory Lovins.