Table 1. Variables definition and... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1.

Variables definition and description

Variable	Definition of variables	Mean	SD
Dependent Variables (Individual perception from fivedimensions)
HelpUnder	helpfulness of understanding in the subject, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	1.19	0.85
HelpCult	helpfulness of cultivating interest in the subject, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	1.08	0.90
EnjoyDo	enjoyment in doing the activity, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	1.01	0.96
MoreParti	more participation, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	0.96	0.98
AbiSolv	ability improvement in solving problems, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	0.92	0.97
CogniPercep	whole individual perception of student toward PBL	5.16	3.87
Independent Variables
EmbeDegree	PBL embedding degree in different teaching topics (0%–100%)	0.425	0.315
Edulevel	1: Postgraduate, 0: Undergraduate	0.88	0.33
Moderating Variable
Nationality	1: Chinese, 0: Internationals	0.56	0.50
Control Variables
Gender	1: Male, 0: Female	0.44	0.50
Age	1: Under 25, 2: 26∼30, 3:31∼40, 4: Above 40	2.05	0.88
Work	1: None, 2: 1∼3years, 3: 3∼5years, 4: 6∼10years, 5:11∼15years, 6: Above 15 years	3.20	1.43

Variable	Definition of variables	Mean	SD
Dependent Variables (Individual perception from fivedimensions)
HelpUnder	helpfulness of understanding in the subject, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	1.19	0.85
HelpCult	helpfulness of cultivating interest in the subject, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	1.08	0.90
EnjoyDo	enjoyment in doing the activity, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	1.01	0.96
MoreParti	more participation, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	0.96	0.98
AbiSolv	ability improvement in solving problems, from −2 to 2. −2: Unlikely, 2: Likely	0.92	0.97
CogniPercep	whole individual perception of student toward PBL	5.16	3.87
Independent Variables
EmbeDegree	PBL embedding degree in different teaching topics (0%–100%)	0.425	0.315
Edulevel	1: Postgraduate, 0: Undergraduate	0.88	0.33
Moderating Variable
Nationality	1: Chinese, 0: Internationals	0.56	0.50
Control Variables
Gender	1: Male, 0: Female	0.44	0.50
Age	1: Under 25, 2: 26∼30, 3:31∼40, 4: Above 40	2.05	0.88
Work	1: None, 2: 1∼3years, 3: 3∼5years, 4: 6∼10years, 5:11∼15years, 6: Above 15 years	3.20	1.43