Description of variables and expected signs
| Variable | Relationship with dependent variable (and the influence on farmer and household resilience) | Expected sign |
|---|---|---|
| Age of household head | Young farmers are quick to understand and accept new ideas and are more likely to be willing to adapt to climate change than older farmers (better resilience) | Negative |
| Education level of the household head | Education increases the probability of adapting to climate change as it is associated with being open minded and the ability to embrace positive change (better resilience) | Positive |
| Number of people fit to work in the household | A larger household is expected to have a better labour endowment, enabling achievement of farm activities (better resilience) | Negative or positive |
| The consumption pressure as a result of a large household size may result in diversion to off-farm activities to generate more income, crippling ability to adapt (less resilience) | ||
| Access to credit finance | Use of credit facilities enables farmer to fund farm operations therefore enhancing the probability of a farmer to adapt strategies (better resilience) | Positive |
| Employment status or time awarded to farming | A fulltime farmer primarily seeks to be productive in his farm activity and thus more likely to adapt (better resilience) | Positive |
| Household total dryland farm area | The larger the farm size, the greater the proportion of land allocated to other crop varieties (Feder et al, 1985) (better resilience, if climate smart technologies are adapted) | Positive |
| Total farm income | High income enables farmer to be able to finance different activities (better resilience) | Positive |
| Total livestock owned by the household | Livestock ownership represent wealth, households with better livestock endowment adapt better (better resilience) | Positive |
| Access to extension advice (dummy variable 1 = yes 0 = no) | Access to extension advice is expected to increase one’s choice to adapt. Extension increase access to useful knowledge meant to bring change and growth (better resilience) | Positive |
| Access to information | Access to information via technology such as mobile phones and radio is expected to increase the awareness and choices to adapt (better resilience) | Positive |
| Variable | Relationship with dependent variable (and the influence on farmer and household resilience) | Expected sign |
|---|---|---|
| Age of household head | Young farmers are quick to understand and accept new ideas and are more likely to be willing to adapt to climate change than older farmers ( | Negative |
| Education level of the household head | Education increases the probability of adapting to climate change as it is associated with being open minded and the ability to embrace positive change ( | Positive |
| Number of people fit to work in the household | A larger household is expected to have a better labour endowment, enabling achievement of farm activities ( | Negative or positive |
| The consumption pressure as a result of a large household size may result in diversion to off-farm activities to generate more income, crippling ability to adapt ( | ||
| Access to credit finance | Use of credit facilities enables farmer to fund farm operations therefore enhancing the probability of a farmer to adapt strategies ( | Positive |
| Employment status or time awarded to farming | A fulltime farmer primarily seeks to be productive in his farm activity and thus more likely to adapt ( | Positive |
| Household total dryland farm area | The larger the farm size, the greater the proportion of land allocated to other crop varieties ( | Positive |
| Total farm income | High income enables farmer to be able to finance different activities ( | Positive |
| Total livestock owned by the household | Livestock ownership represent wealth, households with better livestock endowment adapt better ( | Positive |
| Access to extension advice (dummy variable 1 = yes 0 = no) | Access to extension advice is expected to increase one’s choice to adapt. Extension increase access to useful knowledge meant to bring change and growth ( | Positive |
| Access to information | Access to information via technology such as mobile phones and radio is expected to increase the awareness and choices to adapt ( | Positive |
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