Table 2.

Select strategy continuums

SCSCODP-positionPush-pull boundaryPostponement-SpeculationAgile-leagile-leanCustomisation-standardisation
ETOBefore designEngineering (pull-only)Pure (full) postponementAgile (responsive)Pure customisation
BTOBefore purchasingPurchasingPurchasing postponementLeagileTailored customisation
MTOBefore manufacturingManufacturingManufacturing postponementLeagileTailored customisation
ATOBefore assemblyAssemblyAssembly postponementLeagileCustomised standardisation
PTOBefore packagingPackagingPackaging postponementLeagileCustomised standardisation
STOBefore distributionDistributionLogistics postponementLeagileSegmented standardisation
MTFAfter distributionStorage (push-only)Pure (full) speculationLean (efficient)Pure standardisation
Sources: Lampel and Mintzberg (1996), Fisher (1997), Pagh and Cooper (1998), Yang and Burns (2003), Yang et al. (2004), Christopher et al. (2006) 
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