Table I Items and results of the...

Table I

Items and results of the analysis of the model’s reliability and validity

Items	First-order constructs	λ	CR^a	AVE^a	R²
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
	(1) Entrepreneurial intention
EI1	I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur	0.87	0.98	0.86	0.65
EI2	My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur	0.94
EI3	I will make every effort to start and run my own firm	0.96
EI4	I am determined to create a firm in the future	0.96
EI5	I have very seriously thought of starting a firm	0.91
EI6	I have the strong intention to start a firm someday	0.95
	(2) Attitude
A1	Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me	0.92	0.98	0.90	0.47
A2	A career as entrepreneur is attractive for me	0.96
A3	If I had the opportunity and resources, I would become an entrepreneur	0.96
A4	Being an entrepreneur would entail great satisfaction for me	0.97
A5	Among various options, I would rather become an entrepreneur	0.96
If you would pursue a career as an entrepreneur, how would people in your environment react? (1=very negatively, 7=very positively)
	(3) Subjective norms
SN1	Your close family	0.97	0.98	0.95	0,40
SN2	Your friends	0.99
SN3	Your fellow students	0.97
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
	(4) Perceived behavior control
PBC1	I am usually able to protect my personal interests	0.95	0.98	0.87	0.75
PBC2	When I make plans, I am almost certain to make them work	0.95
PBC3	I can pretty much determine what will happen in my life	0.91
PBC4	For me, being an entrepreneur would be very easy	0.92
PBC5	If I wanted to, I could easily pursue a career as entrepreneur	0.90
PBC6	As entrepreneur, I would have complete control over the situation	0.93
PBC7	If I become an entrepreneur, the chances of success would be very high	0.95
(1=No, 2=Yes, father, 3=Yes, mother,4=both)
	(5) Family background
F1	Are your parents currently self-employed?	0.92	0.97	0.87
F2	Are they majority shareholders of a firm?	0.94
F3	Do you have other family members who are self-employed and/or majority shareholders of a private firm?	0.94
F4	Do you have close friends who are self-employed and/or majority shareholders of a private firm?	0.95
How important are the following factors when you are to decide on your future career path? (1=not important at all, 7=very important)
	(6) Career motives
M10	To take advantage of your creative needs	0.61	0.85	0.48	0.05
M5	To be your own boss	0.75
M6	To have power to make decisions	0.79
M7	To have authority	0.72
M8	To realize your dream	0.57
M9	To create something	0.69
Please indicate the extent to which you agree to the following statements about the university environment. (1=not at all, 7=very much)
	(7) University environment (atmosphere)
UE1	The atmosphere at my university inspires me to develop ideas for new businesses	0.89	0.93	0.81
UE2	There is a favorable climate for becoming an entrepreneur at my university	0.94
UE3	At my university, students are encouraged to engage in entrepreneurial activities	0,87
	(8) Learning progress
	The courses and offerings I attended …
UL1	… increased my understanding of the attitudes, values and motivations of entrepreneurs	0.90	0.96	0.81
UL2	… increased my understanding of the actions someone has to take to start a business	0.93
UL3	… enhanced my practical management skills in order to start a business	0.92
UL4	… enhanced my ability to develop networks	0.89
UL5	… enhanced my ability to identify an opportunity	0.87
Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
	Social context (9) In-group collectivism^b
	In my society, …
IGC1	…, children take pride in the individual accomplishments of their parents	0.95	0.97	0.89
IGC2	…, parents take pride in the individual accomplishments of their children	0.97
IGC3	…, aging parents generally live at home with their children	0.92
IGC4	…, children generally live at home with their parents until they get married	0.92
For the following questions, please indicate which of two opposing answers (a or b) you agree more:
	(10) Power distance^b
PD1	In my society, a person’s influence is based primarily on: (a) Ability and contribution to society; (b) Authority of one’s position	0.91	0.94	0.78
PD2	In my society, followers are expected to: (a) Obey leaders without question; (b) Question leaders when in disagreement	0.86
PD3	My society has rules or laws to cover: (a) Almost all situations; (b) Very few situations	0.91
PD4	In my society, power is: (a) Concentrated at the top; (b) Shared throughout society	0.86
	(11) Uncertainty avoidance^b
	In my society, …
UA1	…, orderliness and consistency are stressed, even at the expense of experimentation and innovation	0.95	0.95	0.83
UA2	…, most people lead highly structured lives with few unexpected events	0.95
UA3	…, societal requirements and instructions are spelled out in detail so citizens know what they are expected to do	0.94
UA4	…, rank and position in the hierarchy have special privileges	0.81
	Second-order constructs
	University context
UE	University atmosphere	0.82	0.97	0.71
UL	Learning progress	0.87
	Social context
IGC	In-group collectivism	0.95	0.83	0.91
PD	Power distance	0.96
UA	Uncertainty avoidance	0.96

Items	First-order constructs	λ	CR^a	AVE^a	R²
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
	(1) Entrepreneurial intention
EI1	I am ready to do anything to be an entrepreneur	0.87	0.98	0.86	0.65
EI2	My professional goal is to become an entrepreneur	0.94
EI3	I will make every effort to start and run my own firm	0.96
EI4	I am determined to create a firm in the future	0.96
EI5	I have very seriously thought of starting a firm	0.91
EI6	I have the strong intention to start a firm someday	0.95
	(2) Attitude
A1	Being an entrepreneur implies more advantages than disadvantages to me	0.92	0.98	0.90	0.47
A2	A career as entrepreneur is attractive for me	0.96
A3	If I had the opportunity and resources, I would become an entrepreneur	0.96
A4	Being an entrepreneur would entail great satisfaction for me	0.97
A5	Among various options, I would rather become an entrepreneur	0.96
If you would pursue a career as an entrepreneur, how would people in your environment react? (1=very negatively, 7=very positively)
	(3) Subjective norms
SN1	Your close family	0.97	0.98	0.95	0,40
SN2	Your friends	0.99
SN3	Your fellow students	0.97
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
	(4) Perceived behavior control
PBC1	I am usually able to protect my personal interests	0.95	0.98	0.87	0.75
PBC2	When I make plans, I am almost certain to make them work	0.95
PBC3	I can pretty much determine what will happen in my life	0.91
PBC4	For me, being an entrepreneur would be very easy	0.92
PBC5	If I wanted to, I could easily pursue a career as entrepreneur	0.90
PBC6	As entrepreneur, I would have complete control over the situation	0.93
PBC7	If I become an entrepreneur, the chances of success would be very high	0.95
(1=No, 2=Yes, father, 3=Yes, mother,4=both)
	(5) Family background
F1	Are your parents currently self-employed?	0.92	0.97	0.87
F2	Are they majority shareholders of a firm?	0.94
F3	Do you have other family members who are self-employed and/or majority shareholders of a private firm?	0.94
F4	Do you have close friends who are self-employed and/or majority shareholders of a private firm?	0.95
How important are the following factors when you are to decide on your future career path? (1=not important at all, 7=very important)
	(6) Career motives
M10	To take advantage of your creative needs	0.61	0.85	0.48	0.05
M5	To be your own boss	0.75
M6	To have power to make decisions	0.79
M7	To have authority	0.72
M8	To realize your dream	0.57
M9	To create something	0.69
Please indicate the extent to which you agree to the following statements about the university environment. (1=not at all, 7=very much)
	(7) University environment (atmosphere)
UE1	The atmosphere at my university inspires me to develop ideas for new businesses	0.89	0.93	0.81
UE2	There is a favorable climate for becoming an entrepreneur at my university	0.94
UE3	At my university, students are encouraged to engage in entrepreneurial activities	0,87
	(8) Learning progress
	The courses and offerings I attended …
UL1	… increased my understanding of the attitudes, values and motivations of entrepreneurs	0.90	0.96	0.81
UL2	… increased my understanding of the actions someone has to take to start a business	0.93
UL3	… enhanced my practical management skills in order to start a business	0.92
UL4	… enhanced my ability to develop networks	0.89
UL5	… enhanced my ability to identify an opportunity	0.87
Indicate your level of agreement with the following statements (1=strongly disagree, 7=strongly agree)
	Social context(9) In-group collectivism^b
	In my society, …
IGC1	…, children take pride in the individual accomplishments of their parents	0.95	0.97	0.89
IGC2	…, parents take pride in the individual accomplishments of their children	0.97
IGC3	…, aging parents generally live at home with their children	0.92
IGC4	…, children generally live at home with their parents until they get married	0.92
For the following questions, please indicate which of two opposing answers (a or b) you agree more:
	(10) Power distance^b
PD1	In my society, a person’s influence is based primarily on: (a) Ability and contribution to society; (b) Authority of one’s position	0.91	0.94	0.78
PD2	In my society, followers are expected to: (a) Obey leaders without question; (b) Question leaders when in disagreement	0.86
PD3	My society has rules or laws to cover: (a) Almost all situations; (b) Very few situations	0.91
PD4	In my society, power is: (a) Concentrated at the top; (b) Shared throughout society	0.86
	(11) Uncertainty avoidance^b
	In my society, …
UA1	…, orderliness and consistency are stressed, even at the expense of experimentation and innovation	0.95	0.95	0.83
UA2	…, most people lead highly structured lives with few unexpected events	0.95
UA3	…, societal requirements and instructions are spelled out in detail so citizens know what they are expected to do	0.94
UA4	…, rank and position in the hierarchy have special privileges	0.81
	Second-order constructs
	University context
UE	University atmosphere	0.82	0.97	0.71
UL	Learning progress	0.87
	Social context
IGC	In-group collectivism	0.95	0.83	0.91
PD	Power distance	0.96
UA	Uncertainty avoidance	0.96

Notes: ^aCR, composite reliability; AVE, average variance extracted; ^bitems from “social context” are from Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) in which cultural dimensions are measured with three dimensions of Hofstede: in-group collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance

Source: Own elaboration

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