Table 1 Overview of ecosystem types... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Overview of ecosystem types

Ecosystem category	Flow of energy and material		Flow of knowledge		Flow of value
Category description	Ecosystems that enable energy and material flows within a geographically defined context		Ecosystems that enable the production of knowledge within a geographically defined context		Ecosystems that enable the production of economic value
Ecosystem type	Industrial ecosystem	Urban ecosystem	Knowledge ecosystem	Entrepreneurial ecosystem	Innovation, platform and business ecosystems
Ecosystem outcome	Sustainable industrial production	Urban amenity	New knowledge	New business models	Value proposition
Location specificity	Location specific	Location specific	Mostly location specific	Location specific	Non-location specific
Ecosystem definition	Production of industrial goods and services in symbiotic collaboration	Collective production of urban amenity	Collective translation of advances in research knowledge into products and services	Collective facilitation of start-up and scale-up of entrepreneurial new ventures focused on business opportunities	Delivery of a value proposition through collaboration
Ecosystem participants	Manufacturers, service providers, resource providers, utilities	Utilities, local government, city government, transportation authorities, service providers, consumer-citizens residents	Universities, public research institutions, for-profit firms	Investors, accelerators, coworking spaces, makerspaces, educational and research institutions, government	Focal firm, complementors, suppliers, consumer-prosumers
Key source literature	Frosch and Gallopoulos (1989), Korhonen (2001), Lowe & Evans (1995)	Decker et al. (2000), Lovell and Taylor (2013)	Clarysse et al. (2014), Järvi et al. (2018)	Isenberg (2010), Autio et al. (2018)	Adner (2017), Iansiti & Levien (2004), Jacobides et al. (2018), Thomas & Autio (2020)

Ecosystem category	Flow of energy and material		Flow of knowledge		Flow of value
Category description	Ecosystems that enable energy and material flows within a geographically defined context		Ecosystems that enable the production of knowledge within a geographically defined context		Ecosystems that enable the production of economic value
Ecosystem type	Industrial ecosystem	Urban ecosystem	Knowledge ecosystem	Entrepreneurial ecosystem	Innovation, platform and business ecosystems
Ecosystem outcome	Sustainable industrial production	Urban amenity	New knowledge	New business models	Value proposition
Location specificity	Location specific	Location specific	Mostly location specific	Location specific	Non-location specific
Ecosystem definition	Production of industrial goods and services in symbiotic collaboration	Collective production of urban amenity	Collective translation of advances in research knowledge into products and services	Collective facilitation of start-up and scale-up of entrepreneurial new ventures focused on business opportunities	Delivery of a value proposition through collaboration
Ecosystem participants	Manufacturers, service providers, resource providers, utilities	Utilities, local government, city government, transportation authorities, service providers, consumer-citizens residents	Universities, public research institutions, for-profit firms	Investors, accelerators, coworking spaces, makerspaces, educational and research institutions, government	Focal firm, complementors, suppliers, consumer-prosumers
Key source literature	Frosch and Gallopoulos (1989), Korhonen (2001), Lowe & Evans (1995)	Decker et al. (2000), Lovell and Taylor (2013)	Clarysse et al. (2014), Järvi et al. (2018)	Isenberg (2010), Autio et al. (2018)	Adner (2017), Iansiti & Levien (2004), Jacobides et al. (2018), Thomas & Autio (2020)

Source(s): Derived from: Aarikka-Stenroos et al. (2021)