Table 1 Standardized CFA path loadings...

Table 1

Standardized CFA path loadings and descriptive statistics

Questions	Standardized path loading	Critical ratio	p-value	Mean	SD
Self-efficacy
(SE2) I can originate new ideas and products	0.761	24,810	0.000	0.760	0.031
(SE3) I can develop and maintain favorable relationship with potential investors	0.751	22,599	0.000	0.759	0.034
(SE4) I can see new market opportunities for new products and services	0.872	51,033	0.000	0.856	0.017
(SE6) I can develop a working environment that encourages people to try out something new	0.552	9,449	0.000	0.571	0.060
Risk taking
(RT1) I would assume a long-term debt, believing in the advantages that a business opportunity would bring me	0.730	14,171	0.000	0.703	0.050
(RT2) I admit taking risks in exchange for possible benefits	0.728	18,237	0.000	0.739	0.041
(RT4) I believe that getting involved in situations of higher risk will create results of great impact	0.743	18,798	0.000	0.754	0.040
Opportunity recognition
(OR1) I believe I have a good ability in recognizing business opportunities	0.832	39,742	0.000	0.826	0.021
(OR2) I believe I have the skill to understand, recognize and make use of abstract data, also implied and in constant modification	0.537	10,777	0.000	0.549	0.051
(OR3) I am always up to any opportunity that may arise	0.822	39,050	0.000	0.821	0.021
(OR4) I feel able to identify business opportunities and profit from them	0.879	73,150	0.000	0.878	0.012
Entrepreneurial intention
(EI1) I am ready to do whatever it takes to be an entrepreneur	0.818	40,082	0.000	0.813	0.020
(EI2) Even though I work for other companies, I will never abandon my dream of opening my business	0.816	45,440	0.000	0.823	0.018
(EI3) My greatest achievement will be to have my own business	0.870	52,639	0.000	0.865	0.016
(EI4) I will make every effort to create and maintain my own company	0.894	74,311	0.000	0.893	0.012
(EI5) I intend to start a business in the coming years	0.873	59,801	0.000	0.873	0.015
Innovation
(IN1) I prefer a job full of novelty instead a routine activity	0.743	5,232	0.000	0.676	0.133
(IN2) I like changing my way of work whenever possible	0.725	9,671	0.000	0.727	0.077
(IN4) I bet on creativity while elaborating projects/activities	0.721	7,290	0.000	0.734	0.102
Leadership
(L2) People respect my opinion	0.703	13,121	0	0.675	0.052
(L3) I can convince people to overcome conflicts and work as a team to achieve a particular result	0.761	15,556	0	0.768	0.050
(L4) I can encourage people to perform tasks for which they are unmotivated	0.719	14,320	0	0.763	0.054
(L5) Frequently, people ask my opinion regarding wok or study issues	0.627	6,714	0	0.568	0.085
Persistency
(PE1) Professionally, I consider myself more persistent than others	0.719	14,722	0	0.715	0.049
(PE3) I am capable of creating, conducting and implementing new life plans	0.838	32,292	0	0.844	0.026
(PE4) Every chance I have, I evaluate myself considering perseverance, imagination and creativity	0.570	8,217	0	0.558	0.068
Planning
(PL1) I always plan everything I do very carefully	0.744	15,186	0	0.768	0.051
(PL2) To achieve my goals, I detail all the steps to be followed	0.807	23,038	0	0.811	0.035
(PL3) I know I can set my short, medium and long-term goals	0.692	9,934	0	0.677	0.069
(PL4) I like to set goals and targets to feel challenged	0.659	8,929	0	0.614	0.069
Sociability
(SO1) The social contacts that I have are very important for my personal life	0.695	9,818	0	0.680	0.070
(SO2) I know several people who could assist me professionally, if I needed it	0.730	10,586	0	0.691	0.066
(SO4) I try to maintain constant contact with people in my network	0.820	22,603	0	0.849	0.038
Perceived entrepreneurial characteristics development support
(ECD1) The university environment helped me to identify business opportunities	0.793	31,326	0	0.791	0.025
(ECD2) The university environment helped me being persistent	0.751	26,169	0	0.749	0.029
(ECD3) The university environment developed my leadership skills through group work	0.683	16,735	0	0.683	0.042
(ECD4) The university environment provided me with planning and strategy tasks in different disciplines, developing my ability to plan	0.748	22,447	0	0.745	0.033
(ECD5) The university environment enhanced my ability to innovate	0.801	37,556	0	0.800	0.021
(ECD6) The university environment has enabled me to relate and analyze the variables that influence the result of a problem, increasing my ability to take calculated risks	0.767	31,439	0	0.766	0.024
(ECD7) The university environment provided me with several important contacts both personally and professionally	0.683	18,817	0	0.682	0.036
(ECD8) The university environment motivated me to desire opening my own business	0.705	19,787	0	0.704	0.036
(ECD9) The university environment developed my skills to conduct a new business opportunity	0.776	28,508	0	0.776	0.027
Perceived concept development support
(PCD1) My university creates awareness of entrepreneurship as a possible career choice	0.744	29,179	0	0.830	0.028
(PCD2) My university motivates students to start a new business	0.807	36,803	0	0.882	0.024
(PCD3) My university provides students with ideas to start a new business from	0.692	44,398	0	0.895	0.020
(PCD4) My university provides students with the knowledge needed to start a new business	0.659	20,700	0	0.821	0.040
Perceived business development support
(PBD1) My university provide students with the financial means to start a new business	0.695	21,240	0	0.881	0.042
(PBD2) My university use its reputation to support students that start a new business	0.730	6,566	0	0.677	0.102
(PBD3) My university serve as a lead customer of students that start a new business	0.820	19,433	0	0.869	0.045
Perceived educational support
(PES1) My university offers elective courses on entrepreneurship	0.712	9,546	0	0.695	0.075
(PES2) My university offers project work focused on entrepreneurship	0.834	14,156	0	0.823	0.059
(PES3) My university offers internship focused on entrepreneurship	0.698	8,447	0	0.689	0.083
(PES4) My university offers a bachelor or master study on entrepreneurship	0.703	8,937	0	0.696	0.079
(PES5) My university arranges conferences/workshops on entrepreneurship	0.750	11,508	0	0.737	0.065
(PES6) My university brings entrepreneurial students in contact with each other	0.740	9,964	0	0.739	0.074

Questions	Standardized path loading	Critical ratio	p-value	Mean	SD
Self-efficacy
(SE2) I can originate new ideas and products	0.761	24,810	0.000	0.760	0.031
(SE3) I can develop and maintain favorable relationship with potential investors	0.751	22,599	0.000	0.759	0.034
(SE4) I can see new market opportunities for new products and services	0.872	51,033	0.000	0.856	0.017
(SE6) I can develop a working environment that encourages people to try out something new	0.552	9,449	0.000	0.571	0.060
Risk taking
(RT1) I would assume a long-term debt, believing in the advantages that a business opportunity would bring me	0.730	14,171	0.000	0.703	0.050
(RT2) I admit taking risks in exchange for possible benefits	0.728	18,237	0.000	0.739	0.041
(RT4) I believe that getting involved in situations of higher risk will create results of great impact	0.743	18,798	0.000	0.754	0.040
Opportunity recognition
(OR1) I believe I have a good ability in recognizing business opportunities	0.832	39,742	0.000	0.826	0.021
(OR2) I believe I have the skill to understand, recognize and make use of abstract data, also implied and in constant modification	0.537	10,777	0.000	0.549	0.051
(OR3) I am always up to any opportunity that may arise	0.822	39,050	0.000	0.821	0.021
(OR4) I feel able to identify business opportunities and profit from them	0.879	73,150	0.000	0.878	0.012
Entrepreneurial intention
(EI1) I am ready to do whatever it takes to be an entrepreneur	0.818	40,082	0.000	0.813	0.020
(EI2) Even though I work for other companies, I will never abandon my dream of opening my business	0.816	45,440	0.000	0.823	0.018
(EI3) My greatest achievement will be to have my own business	0.870	52,639	0.000	0.865	0.016
(EI4) I will make every effort to create and maintain my own company	0.894	74,311	0.000	0.893	0.012
(EI5) I intend to start a business in the coming years	0.873	59,801	0.000	0.873	0.015
Innovation
(IN1) I prefer a job full of novelty instead a routine activity	0.743	5,232	0.000	0.676	0.133
(IN2) I like changing my way of work whenever possible	0.725	9,671	0.000	0.727	0.077
(IN4) I bet on creativity while elaborating projects/activities	0.721	7,290	0.000	0.734	0.102
Leadership
(L2) People respect my opinion	0.703	13,121	0	0.675	0.052
(L3) I can convince people to overcome conflicts and work as a team to achieve a particular result	0.761	15,556	0	0.768	0.050
(L4) I can encourage people to perform tasks for which they are unmotivated	0.719	14,320	0	0.763	0.054
(L5) Frequently, people ask my opinion regarding wok or study issues	0.627	6,714	0	0.568	0.085
Persistency
(PE1) Professionally, I consider myself more persistent than others	0.719	14,722	0	0.715	0.049
(PE3) I am capable of creating, conducting and implementing new life plans	0.838	32,292	0	0.844	0.026
(PE4) Every chance I have, I evaluate myself considering perseverance, imagination and creativity	0.570	8,217	0	0.558	0.068
Planning
(PL1) I always plan everything I do very carefully	0.744	15,186	0	0.768	0.051
(PL2) To achieve my goals, I detail all the steps to be followed	0.807	23,038	0	0.811	0.035
(PL3) I know I can set my short, medium and long-term goals	0.692	9,934	0	0.677	0.069
(PL4) I like to set goals and targets to feel challenged	0.659	8,929	0	0.614	0.069
Sociability
(SO1) The social contacts that I have are very important for my personal life	0.695	9,818	0	0.680	0.070
(SO2) I know several people who could assist me professionally, if I needed it	0.730	10,586	0	0.691	0.066
(SO4) I try to maintain constant contact with people in my network	0.820	22,603	0	0.849	0.038
Perceived entrepreneurial characteristics development support
(ECD1) The university environment helped me to identify business opportunities	0.793	31,326	0	0.791	0.025
(ECD2) The university environment helped me being persistent	0.751	26,169	0	0.749	0.029
(ECD3) The university environment developed my leadership skills through group work	0.683	16,735	0	0.683	0.042
(ECD4) The university environment provided me with planning and strategy tasks in different disciplines, developing my ability to plan	0.748	22,447	0	0.745	0.033
(ECD5) The university environment enhanced my ability to innovate	0.801	37,556	0	0.800	0.021
(ECD6) The university environment has enabled me to relate and analyze the variables that influence the result of a problem, increasing my ability to take calculated risks	0.767	31,439	0	0.766	0.024
(ECD7) The university environment provided me with several important contacts both personally and professionally	0.683	18,817	0	0.682	0.036
(ECD8) The university environment motivated me to desire opening my own business	0.705	19,787	0	0.704	0.036
(ECD9) The university environment developed my skills to conduct a new business opportunity	0.776	28,508	0	0.776	0.027
Perceived concept development support
(PCD1) My university creates awareness of entrepreneurship as a possible career choice	0.744	29,179	0	0.830	0.028
(PCD2) My university motivates students to start a new business	0.807	36,803	0	0.882	0.024
(PCD3) My university provides students with ideas to start a new business from	0.692	44,398	0	0.895	0.020
(PCD4) My university provides students with the knowledge needed to start a new business	0.659	20,700	0	0.821	0.040
Perceived business development support
(PBD1) My university provide students with the financial means to start a new business	0.695	21,240	0	0.881	0.042
(PBD2) My university use its reputation to support students that start a new business	0.730	6,566	0	0.677	0.102
(PBD3) My university serve as a lead customer of students that start a new business	0.820	19,433	0	0.869	0.045
Perceived educational support
(PES1) My university offers elective courses on entrepreneurship	0.712	9,546	0	0.695	0.075
(PES2) My university offers project work focused on entrepreneurship	0.834	14,156	0	0.823	0.059
(PES3) My university offers internship focused on entrepreneurship	0.698	8,447	0	0.689	0.083
(PES4) My university offers a bachelor or master study on entrepreneurship	0.703	8,937	0	0.696	0.079
(PES5) My university arranges conferences/workshops on entrepreneurship	0.750	11,508	0	0.737	0.065
(PES6) My university brings entrepreneurial students in contact with each other	0.740	9,964	0	0.739	0.074

Source: Own authorship

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