Table V Logistic regression results;...

Table V

Logistic regression results; likelihood estimates of caesarean deliveries for “institutional births” in Karnataka, DLHS-4, 2012–2013

	Public hospital			Private hospital
Characteristics	OR	SE	95% CI	OR	SE	95% CI
Residence
Rural [ref.]	1			1
Urban	1.431***	0.125	[1.205, 1.699]	0.979	0.073	[0.847, 1.132]
Age of woman at birth (yrs)
⩽19 [ref.]	1			1
20–24	1.409**	0.184	[1.091, 1.820]	0.980	0.126	[0.761, 1.261]
25–29	2.374***	0.342	[1.791, 3.147]	1.379*	0.187	[1.057, 1.798]
⩾30	3.733***	0.695	[2.592, 5.378]	1.763***	0.277	[1.296, 2.398]
Birth weight (kg)
<3 [ref.]	1			1
⩾3	1.239**	0.101	[1.055, 1.455]	1.096	0.075	[0.959, 1.253]
Birth order
First [ref.]	1			1
Second	0.563***	0.051	[0.471, 0.672]	0.722***	0.056	[0.621, 0.840]
Third or more	0.229***	0.034	[0.171, 0.305]	0.416***	0.047	[0.334, 0.519]
Multiple births
No [ref.]	1			1
Yes	1.921	0.987	[0.702, 5.258]	3.469***	1.028	[1.941, 6.202]
Maternal education
No schooling [ref.]	1			1
Primary	0.914	0.701	[0.203, 4.109]	4.43	5.648	[0.364, 53.892]
Middle	1.079	0.829	[0.239, 4.864]	5.069	6.462	[0.417, 61.670]
Secondary	1.352	1.036	[0.301, 6.068]	5.270	6.710	[0.435, 63.909]
College level	1.466	1.126	[0.325, 6.605]	5.973	7.605	[0.493, 72.422]
Caste^a
SC [ref.]	1			1
ST	1.042	0.167	[0.760, 1.427]	1.132	0.201	[0.800, 1.602]
OBC	1.171	0.131	[0.940, 1.458]	0.915	0.100	[0.739, 1.133]
Others	1.341*	0.189	[1.016, 1.769]	1.007	0.126	[0.788, 1.287]
Religion
Hindu [ref.]	1			1
Muslim	0.990	0.121	[0.780, 1.258]	0.869	0.082	[0.722, 1.046]
Others	1.134	0.400	[0.568, 2.266]	0.854	0.173	[0.574, 1.271]
BPL cardholder^b
Yes [ref.]	1			1
No	0.955	0.088	[0.798, 1.143]	0.943	0.068	[0.819, 1.086]
Constant	0.115**			0.146
Log-likelihood	−1,948.44			−2,480.66

	Public hospital			Private hospital
Characteristics	OR	SE	95% CI	OR	SE	95% CI
Residence
Rural [ref.]	1			1
Urban	1.431***	0.125	[1.205, 1.699]	0.979	0.073	[0.847, 1.132]
Age of woman at birth (yrs)
⩽19 [ref.]	1			1
20–24	1.409**	0.184	[1.091, 1.820]	0.980	0.126	[0.761, 1.261]
25–29	2.374***	0.342	[1.791, 3.147]	1.379*	0.187	[1.057, 1.798]
⩾30	3.733***	0.695	[2.592, 5.378]	1.763***	0.277	[1.296, 2.398]
Birth weight (kg)
<3 [ref.]	1			1
⩾3	1.239**	0.101	[1.055, 1.455]	1.096	0.075	[0.959, 1.253]
Birth order
First [ref.]	1			1
Second	0.563***	0.051	[0.471, 0.672]	0.722***	0.056	[0.621, 0.840]
Third or more	0.229***	0.034	[0.171, 0.305]	0.416***	0.047	[0.334, 0.519]
Multiple births
No [ref.]	1			1
Yes	1.921	0.987	[0.702, 5.258]	3.469***	1.028	[1.941, 6.202]
Maternal education
No schooling [ref.]	1			1
Primary	0.914	0.701	[0.203, 4.109]	4.43	5.648	[0.364, 53.892]
Middle	1.079	0.829	[0.239, 4.864]	5.069	6.462	[0.417, 61.670]
Secondary	1.352	1.036	[0.301, 6.068]	5.270	6.710	[0.435, 63.909]
College level	1.466	1.126	[0.325, 6.605]	5.973	7.605	[0.493, 72.422]
Caste^a
SC [ref.]	1			1
ST	1.042	0.167	[0.760, 1.427]	1.132	0.201	[0.800, 1.602]
OBC	1.171	0.131	[0.940, 1.458]	0.915	0.100	[0.739, 1.133]
Others	1.341*	0.189	[1.016, 1.769]	1.007	0.126	[0.788, 1.287]
Religion
Hindu [ref.]	1			1
Muslim	0.990	0.121	[0.780, 1.258]	0.869	0.082	[0.722, 1.046]
Others	1.134	0.400	[0.568, 2.266]	0.854	0.173	[0.574, 1.271]
BPL cardholder^b
Yes [ref.]	1			1
No	0.955	0.088	[0.798, 1.143]	0.943	0.068	[0.819, 1.086]
Constant	0.115**			0.146
Log-likelihood	−1,948.44			−2,480.66

Notes: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; [ref.], reference category. ^aThe scheduled castes (SCs) and scheduled tribes (STs) are the official designations given to various groups of historically marginalized people, recognized in the Constitution of India: in the British era, they were known as the depressed classes, while in present days, the SCs and STs are sometimes referred to as “Dalits” and “Adivasis” (i.e. traditional forest dwellers), respectively, and the SCs comprise about 16.6 percent and STs 8.6 percent of India’s population[29]; ^bBPL is below poverty line. OBCs represent other backward classes. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001

Source: Computed from unit level data of DLHS-4

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