Table I

Comparison of three models

Trading environmentManagement modeSupply chain
ChinaContract or commitment1. Strict employee management
2. Small power of employee
1. Agglomerated cluster
2. Mostly SMEs
USAContract1. Common interest of enterprise and employee
2. Autonomy of employee
1. Strategic partnership
2. Management outsourcing
JapanCommitment1. Enterprise culture acknowledgment
2. Family-run management
1. Large enterprise domination
2. Closed-loop industry

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