Result of dependent samples t-test (comparison over time)
| Tests of normality | Analysis of significance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period of study | Skewness (z-value) | Kurtosis (z-value) | Shapiro–Wilk (Sig.) | Paired samples t-test (2-tailed) | Hedges g |
| 2013-2014 | −4.493 | 7.900 | 0.001 | Not applicable | Not applicable |
| 2014-2015 | −1.314 | 0.777 | 0.495 | 0.180 (0.859) | Not required |
| 2015-2016 | 1.882 | 3.011 | 0.134 | 1.125 (0.271) | Not required |
| 2016-2017 | 0.962 | −0.804 | 0.196 | −3.682 (0.001) | 0.246 |
| Tests of normality | Analysis of significance | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Period of study | Skewness ( | Kurtosis ( | Shapiro–Wilk (Sig.) | Paired samples | Hedges |
| −4.493 | 7.900 | 0.001 | Not applicable | Not applicable | |
| −1.314 | 0.777 | 0.495 | 0.180 (0.859) | Not required | |
| 1.882 | 3.011 | 0.134 | 1.125 (0.271) | Not required | |
| 0.962 | −0.804 | 0.196 | −3.682 (0.001) | 0.246 | |
Note: () The values in parenthesis represent the p-values
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