Table 2. Hazards, vulnerabilities,... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Hazards, vulnerabilities, exposure and impacts on the historic center of San Gimignano

Hazards	Vulnerabilities	Exposure	Impacts
Primary: Earthquake Heavy rainfall Secondary: Landslide Fire	Physical – CH assets – Masonry aggregates with poor quality materials, complex structural organization, heterogeneities in materials and stiffness, the difference in height, staggered floors – Typological peculiarities – Lack of earthquake-resistant design in buildings – Lack of maintenance – Insufficient drainage system Environmental – Nonstructural elements and heavy decorations – Lack of accessibility due to a limited number of gates – High-rise buildings and narrow roads – Type of soil and geomorphological features – Presence of slopes and stairs – Lack of wide-open spaces Social – Lack of risk preparedness of people – Lack of risk awareness of local government – Seasonal use of properties Economic – Rural areas located close to the city – Pressure on a modification to the traditional use of buildings (from residential to touristic)	− location into the hazard zone − CH assets − Inhabitants − Tourists	On local people – Loss of lives – Street blockage and lack of evacuation routes – Panic – Disruption of lifelines and supply systems – Displacement of residents On the local and national economy – Loss of economic activities, particularly cultural and touristic – Loss of jobs – Displacement of administrative functions On local identity – Loss of social, artistic, traditional activities On heritage assets – Damage to historical buildings, masterpieces, paintings and frescoes – Loss of integrity – Loss of natural and urban landscape of Outstanding Universal Value

Hazards	Vulnerabilities	Exposure	Impacts
Primary:EarthquakeHeavy rainfallSecondary:LandslideFire	Physical – CH assets– Masonry aggregates with poor quality materials, complex structural organization, heterogeneities in materials and stiffness, the difference in height, staggered floors– Typological peculiarities– Lack of earthquake-resistant design in buildings– Lack of maintenance– Insufficient drainage systemEnvironmental– Nonstructural elements and heavy decorations– Lack of accessibility due to a limited number of gates– High-rise buildings and narrow roads– Type of soil and geomorphological features– Presence of slopes and stairs– Lack of wide-open spacesSocial– Lack of risk preparedness of people– Lack of risk awareness of local government– Seasonal use of propertiesEconomic– Rural areas located close to the city– Pressure on a modification to the traditional use of buildings (from residential to touristic)	− location into the hazard zone− CH assets− Inhabitants− Tourists	On local people– Loss of lives– Street blockage and lack of evacuation routes– Panic– Disruption of lifelines and supply systems– Displacement of residentsOn the local and national economy– Loss of economic activities, particularly cultural and touristic– Loss of jobs– Displacement of administrative functionsOn local identity– Loss of social, artistic, traditional activitiesOn heritage assets– Damage to historical buildings, masterpieces, paintings and frescoes– Loss of integrity– Loss of natural and urban landscape of Outstanding Universal Value