Table IV

Business model innovation areas and elements

Areas of innovationElementsRelevant questionsVariablesStudies
Value proposition (Why?)Core offeringWhy our products/services?Value propositionAl-Debei and Avison (2010) 
   Value propositionDahan et al. (2010) 
   Value propositionDemil and Lecocq (2010) 
   Value propositionWu et al. (2010) 
   Value propositionYunus et al. (2010) 
   Type of offeringEyring et al. (2011) 
   OfferingRajala et al. (2012) 
   OfferingSinfield et al. (2012) 
   Product/Service offeringKiron et al. (2013) 
   Customer value propositionDmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Change in offeringSinkovics et al. (2014) 
   Product selectionBrea-Solís et al. (2015) 
   Value propositionsKohler (2015) 
   Value propositionTaran et al. (2015) 
   OfferingLandau, et al. (2016) 
   Value propositionChristensen et al. (2016) 
   Value propositionCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
   Value proposition/OfferingHartmann et al. (2016) 
   Value propositionMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   Market offeringWirtz et al. (2016) 
 Customer needsWhy customers purchase our products/services?Customer needsEyring et al. (2011) 
   Perceived needsAmit and Zott (2012) 
   Customer needSinfield et al. (2012) 
   Customer engagementBaden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) 
 Target customersWhy target the current segment(s)?Target customersDahan et al. (2010) 
   Target customersSinfield et al. (2012) 
   Customer identificationBaden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) 
   Target segmentsKiron et al. (2013) 
   Target market Segment(s)Dmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Target customersSinkovics et al. (2014) 
   Customer segmentsKohler (2015) 
   Target customersTaran et al. (2015) 
   Target customersLandau, et al. (2016) 
   Value deliveryCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
   Market/Customer segmentHartmann et al. (2016) 
   Customer segmentMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   CustomersWirtz et al. (2016) 
 Customer perceived valueWhy customers choose us?Meeting local needsWu et al. (2010) 
   AffordabilityEyring et al. (2011) 
   Satisfy perceived needsAmit and Zott (2012) 
Operational value (What?)Key assetsWhat assets do we need?Key resourcesEyring et al. (2011) 
   ResourcesRajala et al. (2012) 
   Key assetsDmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Key resourcesKohler (2015) 
   ResourcesChristensen et al. (2016) 
   Value creationCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
   Key resourcesHartmann et al. (2016) 
   Key resourcesMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   ResourcesWirtz et al. (2016) 
 Key processWhat processes do we require?Key processesEyring et al. (2011) 
   TechnologiesMason and Spring (2011) 
   Investment in technologyBrea-Solís et al. (2015) 
   ProcessesChristensen et al. (2016) 
   Value creationCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
 Partners networkWhat relationships should we consider?Value networkAl-Debei and Avison (2010) 
   Value networkDemil and Lecocq (2010) 
   Value networkWu et al. (2010) 
   Network architectureMason and Spring (2011) 
   RelationshipsRajala et al. (2012) 
   Value chain linkagesBaden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) 
   Partners’ networkDmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Partner networkSinkovics et al. (2014) 
   Partner networkTaran et al. (2015) 
   Key partnersKohler (2015) 
   Partner networkPeters et al. (2015) 
   Value networkingCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
   Supply chainMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   NetworkWirtz et al. (2016) 
 Distribution channelsWhat channels can deliver our products/services?Distribution channelWu et al. (2010) 
   ChannelEyring et al. (2011) 
   Customer accessSinfield et al. (2012) 
   Distribution channelSinkovics et al. (2014) 
   ChannelsKohler (2015) 
   Sales channelsMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   Value deliveryCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
Human capital (Who?)Organisational learningWho should be engaged in knowledge transfer activities?Double loop learningYunus et al. (2010) 
   Experimentation processSinfield et al. (2012) 
   Human resource practicesBrea-Solís et al. (2015) 
 Skills and competenciesWho should execute specific activities?Resources and competenciesAl-Debei and Avison (2010) 
   Core competencyWu et al. (2010) 
   Resources and competenciesDemil and Lecocq (2010) 
   Core internal competenciesMorris et al. (2013) 
   Core competencySinkovics et al. (2014) 
   Core competencesTaran et al. (2015) 
   Domain-specific know-howPeters et al. (2015) 
 IncentivesWho should be reward?IncentivesSorescu et al. (2011) 
   Human resource practicesBrea-Solís et al. (2015) 
   Crowd rewardsKohler (2015) 
 TrainingWho requires development to carry out specific activities?Human resource practicesBrea-Solís et al. (2015) 
Financial value (How?)Revenue streamsHow do we generate revenue?Value financeAl-Debei and Avison (2010) 
   Volume and structure of revenuesDemil and Lecocq (2010) 
   Revenue modelWu et al. (2010) 
   Sales revenuesYunus et al. (2010) 
   Revenue modelEyring et al. (2011) 
   Revenue modelRajala et al. (2012) 
   MonetisationBaden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) 
   Revenue modelKiron et al. (2013) 
   RevenueHuang et al. (2013) 
   Revenue driversMorris et al. (2013) 
   Revenue modelDmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Revenue streamsKohler (2015) 
   Type of revenuePeters et al. (2015) 
   Value appropriationCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
   Revenue streamHartmann et al. (2016) 
   Revenue modelMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   RevenueLandau, et al. (2016) 
   RevenuesWirtz et al. (2016) 
 Cost structureHow do we cost our products/services?Value financeAl-Debei and Avison (2010) 
   Volume and structure of costsDemil and Lecocq (2010) 
   Cost structureWu et al. (2010) 
   Cost structureYunus et al. (2010) 
   Cost structureEyring et al. (2011) 
   CostHuang et al. (2013) 
   Cost modelKiron et al. (2013) 
   Pricing approachMorris et al. (2013) 
   Cost structureDmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Cost structureSinkovics et al. (2014) 
   Cost consciousnessBrea-Solís et al. (2015) 
   Company cost structureKohler (2015) 
   Cost driversPeters et al. (2015) 
   Value appropriationCortimiglia et al. (2016) 
   Cost structureHartmann et al. (2016) 
   CostsLandau, et al. (2016) 
   Cost structureMehrizi and Lashkarbolouki (2016) 
   FinancesWirtz et al. (2016) 
 Cash flowHow should we manage cash flow?Capital employedYunus et al. (2010) 
   MonetisationBaden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) 
 MarginsHow much surplus can we make?MarginDemil and Lecocq (2010) 
   Profit formulaWu et al. (2010) 
   Economic profit equationYunus et al. (2010) 
   Profit formulaEyring et al. (2011) 
   Profit modelSinfield et al. (2012) 
   ProfitHuang et al. (2013) 
   MarginsMorris et al. (2013) 
   Estimation of profit potentialDmitriev et al. (2014) 
   Profit formulaTaran et al. (2015) 
   Profit formulaChristensen et al. (2016) 
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