Characteristics of included sources
| Characteristic | Number (%) |
|---|---|
| Source type | |
| Published article in peer-reviewed journal | 193 (96) |
| Doctoral thesis | 6 (3) |
| Report or book | 2 (1) |
| Study design | |
| Experimental | 57 (28) |
| Observational | 68 (34) |
| Qualitative | 32 (16) |
| Mixed Methods | 21 (10.5) |
| Case Study | 4 (2) |
| Review (systematic or narrative) | 17 (8.5) |
| Other | 2 (1) |
| Outcome Category | |
| Anxiety | 17 (8.5) |
| Depression | 11 (5.4) |
| Both | 26 (13) |
| Other (mood, well-being, stress, quality of life, self-esteem) | 147 (73.1) |
| Age | |
| Child OR an age range that is younger than 14–24 but overlaps with it OR adolescents | 70 (35) |
| 14–24 years OR within this age band OR students OR young people | 44 (22) |
| Adult OR an age range that is older than 14–24 but overlaps with it | 55 (27) |
| Children AND adults | 32 (16) |
| Ethnicity | |
| Unspecified | 198 (98.5) |
| African American | 2 (1) |
| Latino | 1 (0.5) |
| Target population | |
| General | 188 (94) |
| Anxiety AND/OR depression | 13 (6) |
| Exposure/Intervention | |
| Urban green space | 41 (20) |
| Exposure/contact/touching materials from nature | 40 (19.5) |
| Forest/woodland | 25 (12) |
| Camp/day trip | 21 (10.5) |
| Other outdoor physical activity (e.g. rock climbing) | 18 (9) |
| Outdoor walking | 16 (7.5) |
| Adventure therapy | 8 (3.5) |
| Contact with domesticated animals | 5 (2.5) |
| Other | 5 (2.5) |
| Farms | 4 (2) |
| Community gardens | 4 (2) |
| Urban agriculture | 4 (2) |
| Connection with nature | 4 (2) |
| Blue spaces | 4 (2) |
| Outdoor running | 3 (1.5) |
| Private gardens | 2 (1) |
| Outdoor employment | 1 (0.5) |
| Characteristic | Number ( |
|---|---|
| Published article in peer-reviewed journal | |
| Doctoral thesis | |
| Report or book | |
| Experimental | |
| Observational | |
| Qualitative | |
| Mixed Methods | |
| Case Study | |
| Review (systematic or narrative) | |
| Other | |
| Anxiety | |
| Depression | |
| Both | |
| Other (mood, well-being, stress, quality of life, self-esteem) | |
| Child OR an age range that is younger than 14–24 but overlaps with it OR adolescents | |
| 14–24 years OR within this age band OR students OR young people | |
| Adult OR an age range that is older than 14–24 but overlaps with it | |
| Children AND adults | |
| Unspecified | |
| African American | |
| Latino | |
| General | |
| Anxiety AND/OR depression | |
| Urban green space | |
| Exposure/contact/touching materials from nature | |
| Forest/woodland | |
| Camp/day trip | |
| Other outdoor physical activity (e.g. rock climbing) | |
| Outdoor walking | |
| Adventure therapy | |
| Contact with domesticated animals | |
| Other | |
| Farms | |
| Community gardens | |
| Urban agriculture | |
| Connection with nature | |
| Blue spaces | |
| Outdoor running | |
| Private gardens | |
| Outdoor employment |
Note:
N=201
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