Table 2 Descriptive statistics and...

Table 2

Descriptive statistics and correlations between variables

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. LEL	4.18	0.46	0.97
2. LES	3.84	0.68	0.061	0.98
3. LSE	83.05	8.39	0.60^**	0.056	0.98
4. Self-esteem	4.28	0.60	0.53^**	0.064	0.40^**	0.80
5. Locus of control	3.86	0.88	0.13^**	0.090^*	0.20^**	0.24^**	0.81
6. Age (L)	37.57	7.26	−0.16^**	0.065	−0.17^**	−0.014	0.10^*
7. Sex (L)			−0.14^**	−0.051	−0.18^**	−0.038	−0.057	0.012
8. Educational level (L)			0.083	0.064	0.043	0.080	0.14^**	−0.14^**	−0.073
9. Work experience (L)	5.42	5.87	0.039	0.054	−0.10^*	0.034	−0.044	0.46^**	−0.11^*	−0.070
10. Age (S)	29.42	5.76	−0.13^**	0.023	−0.091^*	−0.009	0.070	0.15^**	0.14^**	−0.038	−0.002
11. Sex (S)			0.004	0.090^*	0.058	0.067	0.10^*	−0.005	0.024	0.017	−0.046	0.16^**
12. Educational level (S)			0.003	0.071	−0.002	0.055	0.031	−0.017	−0.006	0.024	−0.053	−0.001	0.065
13. Work experience (S)	3.25	2.88	−0.053	0.016	−0.016	0.015	0.022	0.026	−0.044	−0.061	0.12^*	0.42^**	0.048	−0.074

	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
1. LEL	4.18	0.46	0.97
2. LES	3.84	0.68	0.061	0.98
3. LSE	83.05	8.39	0.60^**	0.056	0.98
4. Self-esteem	4.28	0.60	0.53^**	0.064	0.40^**	0.80
5. Locus of control	3.86	0.88	0.13^**	0.090^*	0.20^**	0.24^**	0.81
6. Age (L)	37.57	7.26	−0.16^**	0.065	−0.17^**	−0.014	0.10^*
7. Sex (L)			−0.14^**	−0.051	−0.18^**	−0.038	−0.057	0.012
8. Educational level (L)			0.083	0.064	0.043	0.080	0.14^**	−0.14^**	−0.073
9. Work experience (L)	5.42	5.87	0.039	0.054	−0.10^*	0.034	−0.044	0.46^**	−0.11^*	−0.070
10. Age (S)	29.42	5.76	−0.13^**	0.023	−0.091^*	−0.009	0.070	0.15^**	0.14^**	−0.038	−0.002
11. Sex (S)			0.004	0.090^*	0.058	0.067	0.10^*	−0.005	0.024	0.017	−0.046	0.16^**
12. Educational level (S)			0.003	0.071	−0.002	0.055	0.031	−0.017	−0.006	0.024	−0.053	−0.001	0.065
13. Work experience (S)	3.25	2.88	−0.053	0.016	−0.016	0.015	0.022	0.026	−0.044	−0.061	0.12^*	0.42^**	0.048	−0.074

Note(s): n = 128, for leaders' data and 344 for subordinates' data. Letter in brackets after variable name indicates data source: L = leaders, S = subordinates. LSE was measured using a 100-point response scale. Rater male = 1, and female = 0. Rater diploma (associate's degree) = 1, Rater bachelor's degree = 2, and Rater master's degree = 3. Age and work experience were measured in years

Cronbach's alpha coefficients are reported on the diagonal

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed)

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed)

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