Table 3 Research questions and findings... | Emerald Publishing

Table 3

Research questions and findings

Research questions	Statistical result	Brief explanation
1. How does immersive capability influence the dimensions of spatial presence?	The t-tests revealed that differences in PS, EN and NE, between Group 1 and Group 2, were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. While the t-test revealed that the difference in EV between the two groups was not statistically significant	Immersive capability influences spatial presence in terms of its three dimensions: SP, EN and NE. However, the study does not support its influence on EV
2. How are the dimensions of spatial presence related to motivation? 3. How are the dimensions of spatial presence related to learning outcomes?	The correlation analysis revealed that the moderate positive association between SI and EN was statistically significant at the 0.01 level, and with the other two dimensions: PS and EV at the 0.05 level. The weak positive association between IF and the two dimensions: PS and EN was statistically significant at the 0.05 level, while the weak negative correlation between IF and NE was statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The moderate positive association between SI and IF was statistically significant at the 0.001 level The correlation analysis revealed that the weak positive association between score gain and PS was statistically significant at the 0.05 level	Spatial presence was positively associated with the SI through its three dimensions: SP, EN and EV. It was associated with one's IF positively through its two dimensions: SP and EN. IF was associated inversely with the NE dimension Spatial presence, as manifested by the SP is positively associated with learning gain

Research questions	Statistical result	Brief explanation
1. How does immersive capability influence the dimensions of spatial presence?	The t-tests revealed that differences in PS, EN and NE, between Group 1 and Group 2, were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. While the t-test revealed that the difference in EV between the two groups was not statistically significant	Immersive capability influences spatial presence in terms of its three dimensions: SP, EN and NE. However, the study does not support its influence on EV
2. How are the dimensions of spatial presence related to motivation?3. How are the dimensions of spatial presence related to learning outcomes?	The correlation analysis revealed that the moderate positive association between SI and EN was statistically significant at the 0.01 level, and with the other two dimensions: PS and EV at the 0.05 level. The weak positive association between IF and the two dimensions: PS and EN was statistically significant at the 0.05 level, while the weak negative correlation between IF and NE was statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The moderate positive association between SI and IF was statistically significant at the 0.001 levelThe correlation analysis revealed that the weak positive association between score gain and PS was statistically significant at the 0.05 level	Spatial presence was positively associated with the SI through its three dimensions: SP, EN and EV. It was associated with one's IF positively through its two dimensions: SP and EN. IF was associated inversely with the NE dimensionSpatial presence, as manifested by the SP is positively associated with learning gain

Note(s): PS: Sense of physical space; EN: Engagement; EV: Environmental validity; NE: Negative effects; SI: Situational interest andIF: Ideal future-self

Source(s): Table by author