Table 3.

Summary statistics

Full sample (n = 27,847)Developed countries (n = 23,025)Developing countries (n = 4,822)Univariate test (t-test statistics to test mean difference) Ha: A ≠ B
VariableMeanStd. dev.MinMax(A) MeanStd. dev.(B) MeanStd. dev.(A – B) differencet-value
Panel A: Summary statistics and univariate analysis
Ln(EnvDisclosure)−0.1900.615−0.6681.297−0.1960.611−0.1580.632−0.038***−3.838
BioDiversity_indicator0.1720.3780.0001.0000.1660.3720.2040.403−0.039***−6.166
ClimateChange_indicator0.3270.4690.0001.0000.3320.4710.3000.4580.032***4.397
Env_Investments_indicator0.1390.3460.0001.0000.1320.3380.1740.379−0.042***−7.097
SpillImpactReduction_indicator0.0630.2430.0001.0000.0630.2430.0640.245−0.001−0.372
Ln(StateOwn(%))0.1910.7830.0004.0250.1050.5740.6041.328−0.500***−25.629
Ln(InstitutionalOwn(%))1.1521.2870.0003.7141.2781.2990.5461.0290.732***42.810
FirmSize (lnTotalAssets)15.6111.6089.31219.77815.5671.61815.8221.545−0.255***−10.335
Leverage (lnDebttoEquity)3.7651.5740.0007.2043.7651.5933.7621.4830.0030.142
ROE (lnROE)2.5960.845−4.6054.6362.5900.8542.6240.797−0.035***−2.705
CFO (lnCFO)12.9981.5150.00016.42412.9701.52113.1351.477−0.165***−7.0188
Reputation_Monitoring_indicator0.2040.4030.0001.0000.1880.3910.2830.451−0.095***−13.618
CEO_Comp_Link_indicator0.3770.4850.0001.0000.4430.4970.0610.2400.382***80.218
CEO_BoardMem_indicator0.8660.3400.0001.0000.8730.3330.8360.3700.037***6.354
CG_Comm_indicator0.4580.4980.0001.0000.5090.5000.2150.4110.294***43.387
CSR_Comm_indicator0.4280.4950.0001.0000.4230.4940.4530.498−0.0303.781
Ln(CloselyHeldShares(%))2.4761.4230.0204.5292.2501.3893.5531.036−1.304***−74.477
Panel B: Mean values of environmental disclosures by countries
CountriesLn(EnvDisclosure)BioDiversityClimateChangeEnv_InvestmentsSpillImpactReduction
Argentina−0.5390.1250.0000.0000.000
Australia−0.2750.1510.2950.0660.031
Austria−0.1500.1710.3930.1540.111
Bahrain−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Belgium−0.2000.1060.2290.2340.138
Bermuda−0.4480.0640.1650.0520.004
Brazil0.1680.3510.4790.3720.100
Canada−0.1420.1970.3400.1000.146
Cayman Islands−0.5500.0380.0360.0720.000
Chile−0.1660.2150.1980.2560.058
China−0.3340.1550.1350.0940.028
Colombia0.2220.4900.4310.2940.196
Curaçao0.1390.0000.6920.5380.000
Cyprus−0.2110.0000.2860.3570.000
Czech Republic−0.1090.3550.1940.3550.000
Denmark−0.0660.1520.5730.0900.067
Egypt−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Finland−0.0560.1750.5390.1750.019
France0.2780.4730.5850.2890.079
Germany−0.0700.2140.4550.1290.033
Gibraltar−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Greece−0.3580.1410.1410.1560.063
Guernsey−0.5140.0000.2000.0000.000
Hong Kong−0.2750.1290.2820.1050.069
Hungary0.7470.6800.6800.6000.360
Iceland−0.5580.0000.1430.0000.000
India0.1200.3670.3810.3110.145
Indonesia−0.3210.1520.0870.0220.174
Ireland−0.2640.0820.3580.0850.065
Isle of Man−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Israel−0.3530.0660.2260.1890.000
Italy0.0200.2570.4330.3360.104
Japan−0.1920.1670.2250.2220.062
Jersey−0.0430.1300.5650.0220.174
Jordan−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Kenya−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Kuwait−0.5680.0560.0560.0000.000
Liberia−0.0070.0000.7500.1670.000
Luxembourg−0.2900.1560.2190.2030.000
Malaysia−0.1010.3330.1880.1140.110
Malta−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Marshall Islands−0.0600.0000.5710.0000.286
Mauritius0.2980.8000.2000.1000.000
Mexico0.1210.4460.2890.3390.107
Morocco−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
The Netherlands−0.0790.2350.4110.1440.085
New Zealand−0.2250.1980.2840.1070.066
Nigeria−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Norway0.0580.3120.5970.0710.071
Oman−0.4700.0000.2580.0000.000
Pakistan−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Panama−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Papua New Guinea0.4560.9090.5450.0000.000
Peru−0.3210.3040.0430.0430.000
Philippines−0.1730.2480.4080.0250.000
Poland−0.2010.2160.0810.2430.189
Portugal0.3120.5000.6350.2920.177
Qatar−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Republic of Korea−0.0440.1420.5020.2360.052
Romania−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
Russian Federation0.0310.3230.2360.3150.276
Saudi Arabia−0.1740.1330.1330.3110.156
Singapore−0.4310.0850.1740.0330.022
South Africa0.0070.2540.5340.1020.076
Spain0.3690.4970.5910.3530.259
Sri Lanka0.4020.5001.0000.0000.000
Sweden−0.1170.1220.4840.1640.013
Switzerland−0.2240.1200.3320.1360.031
Taiwan−0.2450.0760.3560.1610.015
Thailand−0.0680.3550.2500.2500.079
Turkey0.0730.3210.5000.2080.000
United Arab Emirates−0.3770.1540.0000.2310.000
UK−0.1550.1830.3950.1100.048
USA−0.3040.1090.2880.0900.051
Virgin Islands (British)0.2330.8750.0000.0000.000
Panel C: Mean values of environmental disclosures by years – developed versus developing countries
Developed countries
2002−0.4860.0930.0640.0580.024
2003−0.4840.0870.0770.0590.020
2004−0.5180.0610.0620.0410.030
2005−0.4690.0730.1080.0440.037
2006−0.4380.0810.1480.0480.031
2007−0.2450.1430.2940.0960.063
2008−0.1340.1820.3440.1660.089
2009−0.1010.1790.4010.1800.087
2010−0.0630.1930.4480.1810.079
2011−0.0220.2200.4670.2030.087
2012−0.0110.2240.4820.2000.086
2013−0.0520.2080.4630.1670.090
2014−0.0590.2140.4580.1640.079
2015−0.2070.1700.3340.1210.050
2016−0.2280.1660.3110.1170.046
2017−0.2180.1730.3220.1120.048
Mean−0.2340.1540.2990.1220.059
Developing counties
2002−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
2003−0.6680.0000.0000.0000.000
2004−0.5300.0260.0510.0510.026
2005−0.5300.0200.1020.0200.020
2006−0.5410.0180.1230.0180.018
2007−0.2400.1500.3000.1000.050
2008−0.2120.1640.2200.1700.088
2009−0.2060.1580.2580.1810.085
2010−0.1880.1610.3170.1570.063
2011−0.1490.1940.3180.1960.062
2012−0.1180.2070.3390.1920.073
2013−0.1160.2110.3290.1950.075
2014−0.1090.2400.3360.1730.069
2015−0.1660.2250.2760.1670.064
2016−0.1150.2610.3030.1780.060
2017−0.1430.2220.2980.1850.050
Mean−0.2940.1410.2230.1240.050

Notes:

This table presents the summary statistics for the full sample, developed and developing countries sample. The mean difference test is conducted between the developed and developing firms for each variable. All variables are described in Table 2. T-values are presented in parentheses. ***, ** and * denote the significance level at 1%, 5% and 10%

or Create an Account

Close subscription notice
Close access options