Table 1 The basic psychological needs in... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

The basic psychological needs in relation to the BIP questionnaire

	BIP scale (definition)	Explanation	Example item	M (SD)	N	α
Autonomy need	Design motivation (= motivation to influence the design and the realisation of own ideas)	Design motivation derives from McClelland's (1987) and Heckhausen's (1989) “power motivation”. Power motivation in the sense of “power over oneself” is strikingly similar to the autonomy need (Schüler et al., 2013)	“I fight for my beliefs, even if I have to put up with downsides”	42.00 (8.15)	12	0.75
Competence need	Achievement motivation (= motivation to show surpassing effort, have vast demands on oneself and strive for continuous improvement)	Achievement motivation derives from McClelland's (1987) and Heckhausen's (1989) “achievement motivation”, which pushes individuals to put forth extraordinary efforts (Hossiep and Paschen, 2003). Achievement motivation is similar to the competence need and also correlates with the competence need fulfilment (Schüler et al., 2013)	“I am only satisfied if I accomplish extraordinary achievements”	52.14 (8.63)	14	0.81
Relatedness need	Sociability (= caring for another's opinion and striving for a harmonious, integrated togetherness)	Sociability is reminiscent of Schüler et al.'s (2013) definition of relatedness as “the desire to have harmonious relationships with others” (p. 480). Sociability is also linked to “agreeableness” (Hossiep and Paschen, 2003), which fuels the motivation to be liked, friendly, socially conform, compliant and loving Barrick and Mount (1991). Agreeableness is not only similar to but also highly correlates with the relatedness need (Neubauer and Voss, 2016)	“I avoid provoking others” (inverse item)	61.67 (8.19)	15	0.76

	BIP scale (definition)	Explanation	Example item	M (SD)	N	α
Autonomy need	Design motivation (= motivation to influence the design and the realisation of own ideas)	Design motivation derives from McClelland's (1987) and Heckhausen's (1989) “power motivation”. Power motivation in the sense of “power over oneself” is strikingly similar to the autonomy need (Schüler et al., 2013)	“I fight for my beliefs, even if I have to put up with downsides”	42.00 (8.15)	12	0.75
Competence need	Achievement motivation (= motivation to show surpassing effort, have vast demands on oneself and strive for continuous improvement)	Achievement motivation derives from McClelland's (1987) and Heckhausen's (1989) “achievement motivation”, which pushes individuals to put forth extraordinary efforts (Hossiep and Paschen, 2003). Achievement motivation is similar to the competence need and also correlates with the competence need fulfilment (Schüler et al., 2013)	“I am only satisfied if I accomplish extraordinary achievements”	52.14 (8.63)	14	0.81
Relatedness need	Sociability (= caring for another's opinion and striving for a harmonious, integrated togetherness)	Sociability is reminiscent of Schüler et al.'s (2013) definition of relatedness as “the desire to have harmonious relationships with others” (p. 480). Sociability is also linked to “agreeableness” (Hossiep and Paschen, 2003), which fuels the motivation to be liked, friendly, socially conform, compliant and loving Barrick and Mount (1991). Agreeableness is not only similar to but also highly correlates with the relatedness need (Neubauer and Voss, 2016)	“I avoid provoking others” (inverse item)	61.67 (8.19)	15	0.76

Note(s): M = mean, SD = standard deviation