Table 1

Description of variables

VariablesDescriptionExpected
Dependent variables
Danish total exportLog (monetary value of Danish export in mil. USD) 152 countries in the period 2002–18 
Danish total importLog (monetary value of Danish import in mil. USD) 152 countries in the period 2002–18 
Independent variables
GDPjLog (GDP of country j in constant prices 2010 in mil. USD)+/–
GDPj per capitaLog (GDP per capita of country j in constant prices 2010 in USD)+/–
DistancejLog (Distance between Copenhagen and capitals of country j)
REERjLog (Real effective exchange rate of country j, CPI-based)+
Oil priceLog (Annual average OPEC oil price in USD per barrel)+
Dummy variables
Common languageTrade partners with official Scandinavian languages+
State borderLand border with Denmark+
Landlocked stateAll states without access to the sea
Trade blocMembership in EEA or EFTA+
SanctionsOnly for Russia since 2014

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