Risk management strategies for rice supply chains
| Risk management strategies and relevant stakeholders | Tools | Mean (n = 200) | Standard deviation | Standard error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk management strategies for supply risks | ||||
| Seek alternative suppliers' (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Promote contract farming’ (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RT; RM | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Provide the incentive to local seed producers and distributors' (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Use the system of “sharing-hand”: help each other during the farming period; improve agricultural management practices (e.g. using direct seeding)’ (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Offer tax incentives to incentivize the imports of equipment and machinery’ (MEF); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Risk management strategies for production risks | ||||
| Improve agricultural management practices for biological risks (e.g. better water management, improve seeds); improve the agricultural extension services to commune level’ (Farmers); (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Encourage agricultural microfinance’ (MEF); (NBC); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Encourage and promote policy on sustainable utilization of farming land (e.g. effective mapping)’ (MLMUPC); (MAFF); (MOP: National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia-NIS); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Develop public policies and enforce regarding sanitary and phytosanitary standards (e.g. food safety); use pesticide and fertilizer effectively; avoid risky practices through organic farms' (MAFF); (MISTI); (MOH); (MOC); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RC; RM; RA | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve productivity by using high-yielding seed and modern agricultural techniques' (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Support and establish farmer organization’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Improve agricultural training’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Risk management strategies for demand risks | ||||
| Conduct comprehensive research or study on national and international markets, which are potential for rice, to explore the opportunities; broadcast and spread the research results to a wide range of rice producers' (MOC); (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Improve transparency and market information’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Promote contract farming with millers/buyers' (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RT; RM | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve warehouse management’ (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RT | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Seek alternative buyers' (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Risk management strategies for environmental risks | ||||
| Adapt for climate change (e.g. agricultural diversification); purchase insurance; aid or charity from government, international organization and other donors' (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RT; RM; RC | 3.9 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Develop irrigation (use existing water resources effectively; repair and upgrade existing irrigation; invest in new irrigation)’ (MOWRAM); (MFAIC); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Construct and maintain roads in the countryside (link rice production areas to markets)’ (MRD); (MPWT); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Reduce electricity price and promote electric power transmission to rural areas' (MISTI); (MME: Electricity Authority of Cambodia-EAC); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve the agricultural extension services to commune level’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Improve agricultural know-how training’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
| Manage COVID-19 affects farmers by investing in the vaccination program, quarantine program, robust health systems and advanced R&D’ (MOH); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Risk management strategies and relevant stakeholders | Tools | Mean ( | Standard deviation | Standard error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seek alternative suppliers' (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Promote contract farming’ (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RT; RM | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Provide the incentive to local seed producers and distributors' (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Use the system of “sharing-hand”: help each other during the farming period; improve agricultural management practices (e.g. using direct seeding)’ (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Offer tax incentives to incentivize the imports of equipment and machinery’ (MEF); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.0 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve agricultural management practices for biological risks (e.g. better water management, improve seeds); improve the agricultural extension services to commune level’ (Farmers); (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Encourage agricultural microfinance’ (MEF); (NBC); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Encourage and promote policy on sustainable utilization of farming land (e.g. effective mapping)’ (MLMUPC); (MAFF); (MOP: National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia-NIS); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Develop public policies and enforce regarding sanitary and phytosanitary standards (e.g. food safety); use pesticide and fertilizer effectively; avoid risky practices through organic farms' (MAFF); (MISTI); (MOH); (MOC); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RC; RM; RA | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve productivity by using high-yielding seed and modern agricultural techniques' (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Support and establish farmer organization’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Improve agricultural training’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.3 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Conduct comprehensive research or study on national and international markets, which are potential for rice, to explore the opportunities; broadcast and spread the research results to a wide range of rice producers' (MOC); (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Improve transparency and market information’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Promote contract farming with millers/buyers' (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RT; RM | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve warehouse management’ (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RT | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Seek alternative buyers' (MAFF); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Adapt for climate change (e.g. agricultural diversification); purchase insurance; aid or charity from government, international organization and other donors' (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RT; RM; RC | 3.9 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Develop irrigation (use existing water resources effectively; repair and upgrade existing irrigation; invest in new irrigation)’ (MOWRAM); (MFAIC); (Farmers); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Construct and maintain roads in the countryside (link rice production areas to markets)’ (MRD); (MPWT); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.4 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Reduce electricity price and promote electric power transmission to rural areas' (MISTI); (MME: Electricity Authority of Cambodia-EAC); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 |
| Improve the agricultural extension services to commune level’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Improve agricultural know-how training’ (MAFF); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.3 | 0.7 | 0.1 |
| Manage COVID-19 affects farmers by investing in the vaccination program, quarantine program, robust health systems and advanced R&D’ (MOH); (Related stakeholders) | RM; RC | 4.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
Note(s): RM: risk mitigation; RA: risk avoidance; RT: risk transfer; RC: risk coping
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