Table II Study measures and factor...

Table II

Study measures and factor loadings for the measurement and structural models for Studies A and B

Study measures (Reference)	Measurement items	Study A		Study B
Privacy concerns (PC) (Dinev and Hart, 2006)	PC1: I am concerned about my privacy on MIM	CFA	SEM	CFA	SEM
	PC2: I am concerned that the information I submit to MIM could be misused	0.65	0.65	0.71	0.71
	PC3: I am concerned that a person can find my private information on MIM	0.86	0.86	0.82	0.82
Social comparison (SC) (Cramer et al., 2016)	SC1: I feel less motivated to use MIM because I compare myself to others on MIM	0.81	0.81	0.77	0.78
Social comparison (SC) (Cramer et al., 2016)	SC2: I feel less motivated to use MIM to avoid comparing myself to others	0.76	0.78	0.76	0.77
Self-disclosure (SD) (Chen, 2013; Krasnova et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2012)	SD1: I have a detailed profile on MIM	0.78	0.76	0.77	0.76
	SD2: My MIM profile tells a lot about me	0.66	0.67	0.69	0.69
	SD3: I reveal a lot of information about me on MIM	0.89	0.90	0.76	0.76
Intensity of MIM Use (IMU) (Ellison et al., 2007)	IU1: MIM has become part of my daily routine	0.68	0.68	0.81	0.81
	IU2: I feel out of touch when I do not use MIM for a day	0.65	0.65	0.70	0.71
	IU3: I feel I am part of the MIM community at the school	0.82	0.82	0.80	0.80
	IU4: I would be upset if MIM shut down or stops	0.70	0.70	0.81	0.80
FoMO (Przybylski et al., 2013)	FoMO1: I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me	0.67	0.67	0.63	0.63
	FoMO2: I fear my friends have more rewarding experiences than me	0.77	0.78	0.76	0.76
	FoMO3: I get anxious when I do not know what my friends are up to	0.85	0.84	0.83	0.83
Fatigue (FT) (Bright et al., 2015)	FT1: I am likely to receive too much information when I am searching on MIM	0.51	0.51	0.52	0.52
Fatigue (FT) (Bright et al., 2015)	FT2: I am frequently overwhelmed by the amount of information available on MIM	0.78	0.73	0.73	0.68
Academic performance decrement (APD) (Kubey et al., 2001)	APD1: Schoolwork been hurt because of the time spent on MIM?	0.78	0.75	0.80	0.74
	APD2: Sleep late because of using MIM?	0.68	0.68	0.71	0.71
	APD3: Too tired to go to university the next day because too much time spent on MIM?	0.70	0.70	0.74	0.73
	APD4: School percentage been hurt because of the time spent on MIM?	0.76	0.76	0.71	0.70
	APD5: Did not complete homework because of the time spent on MIM?	0.74	0.75	0.80	0.80

Study measures (Reference)	Measurement items	Study A		Study B
Privacy concerns (PC)(Dinev and Hart, 2006)	PC1: I am concerned about my privacy on MIM	CFA	SEM	CFA	SEM
	PC2: I am concerned that the information I submit to MIM could be misused	0.65	0.65	0.71	0.71
	PC3: I am concerned that a person can find my private information on MIM	0.86	0.86	0.82	0.82
Social comparison (SC)(Cramer et al., 2016)	SC1: I feel less motivated to use MIM because I compare myself to others on MIM	0.81	0.81	0.77	0.78
Social comparison (SC)(Cramer et al., 2016)	SC2: I feel less motivated to use MIM to avoid comparing myself to others	0.76	0.78	0.76	0.77
Self-disclosure (SD)(Chen, 2013; Krasnova et al., 2009; Wu et al., 2012)	SD1: I have a detailed profile on MIM	0.78	0.76	0.77	0.76
	SD2: My MIM profile tells a lot about me	0.66	0.67	0.69	0.69
	SD3: I reveal a lot of information about me on MIM	0.89	0.90	0.76	0.76
Intensity of MIM Use (IMU)(Ellison et al., 2007)	IU1: MIM has become part of my daily routine	0.68	0.68	0.81	0.81
	IU2: I feel out of touch when I do not use MIM for a day	0.65	0.65	0.70	0.71
	IU3: I feel I am part of the MIM community at the school	0.82	0.82	0.80	0.80
	IU4: I would be upset if MIM shut down or stops	0.70	0.70	0.81	0.80
FoMO(Przybylski et al., 2013)	FoMO1: I fear others have more rewarding experiences than me	0.67	0.67	0.63	0.63
	FoMO2: I fear my friends have more rewarding experiences than me	0.77	0.78	0.76	0.76
	FoMO3: I get anxious when I do not know what my friends are up to	0.85	0.84	0.83	0.83
Fatigue (FT)(Bright et al., 2015)	FT1: I am likely to receive too much information when I am searching on MIM	0.51	0.51	0.52	0.52
Fatigue (FT)(Bright et al., 2015)	FT2: I am frequently overwhelmed by the amount of information available on MIM	0.78	0.73	0.73	0.68
Academic performance decrement (APD)(Kubey et al., 2001)	APD1: Schoolwork been hurt because of the time spent on MIM?	0.78	0.75	0.80	0.74
	APD2: Sleep late because of using MIM?	0.68	0.68	0.71	0.71
	APD3: Too tired to go to university the next day because too much time spent on MIM?	0.70	0.70	0.74	0.73
	APD4: School percentage been hurt because of the time spent on MIM?	0.76	0.76	0.71	0.70
	APD5: Did not complete homework because of the time spent on MIM?	0.74	0.75	0.80	0.80

Note(s): Study A = regular university students, Study B = distance education students; factor loadings (SEM) and factor loadings structural model (CFA); MIM = mobile instant messaging app (i.e., WhatsApp)

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