Table 1

Clinical characteristics according to HbA1c levels in the study and validation population*

CharacteristicStudy population (n = 640)Validation population (n = 50)
TotalNormal HbA1c (n = 424)Abnormal HbA1c (n = 216)p-valueNormal HbA1c (n = 36)Abnormal HbA1c (n = 14)p-value
n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)n (%)
Age (years)   <0.001  0.111
25–35101 (15.8)84 (19.8)17 (7.9) 3 (8.3)1 (7.1) 
36–4594 (14.7)72 (17.0)22 (10.2) 12 (33.3)1 (7.1) 
46–55189 (29.5)122 (28.8)67 (31.0) 14 (38.9)5 (35.7) 
56–65173 (27.0)97 (22.9)76 (35.2) 5 (13.9)3 (21.4) 
66–8983 (13.0)49 (11.6)34 (15.7) 2 (5.6)4 (28.6) 
Sex   0.052  0.675
Male101 (23.8)37 (17.1)138 (21.6) 4 (11.1)1 (7.1) 
Female323 (76.2)179 (82.9)502 (78.4) 32 (88.9)13 (92.9) 
Education level   0.187  0.598
None-primary education181 (28.3)116 (27.4)65 (30.1) 10 (27.8)4 (28.6) 
Secondary education123 (19.2)75 (17.7)48 (22.2) 6 (16.7)4 (28.6) 
Higher education336 (52.5)233 (55.0)103 (47.7) 20 (55.6)6 (42.9) 
Marital status   0.283  0.283
Single194 (30.3)145 (34.2)49 (22.7) 14 (38.9)4 (28.6) 
Married381 (59.5)242 (57.1)139 (64.4) 21 (58.3)8 (57.1) 
Separated65 (10.2)37 (8.7)28 (13.0) 1 (2.8)2 (14.3) 
Smoking status**   0.322  0.809
Never smoked586 (91.7)386 (91.3)200 (92.6) 32 (88.9)13 (92.9) 
Former smoker21 (3.3)17 (4.0)4 (1.9) 1 (2.8)0 (0.0) 
Current smoker32 (5.0)20 (4.7)12 (5.6) 3 (8.3)1 (7.1) 
Current alcohol consumer   0.131  0.384
No525 (82.2)341 (80.6)184 (85.2) 30 (83.3)13 (92.9) 
Yes114 (17.8)82 (19.4)32 (14.8) 6 (16.7)1 (7.1) 
History of medical illness   0.021  0.106
No395 (62.0)275 (65.2)120 (55.8) 22 (61.1)5 (35.7) 
Yes242 (38.0)147 (34.8)95 (44.2) 14 (38.9)9 (64.3) 
Family history of DM)   0.004  0.41
No411 (64.2)289 (68.2)122 (56.5) 25 (69.4)8 (57.1) 
Yes229 (35.8)135 (31.8)94 (43.5) 11 (30.6)6 (42.9) 
History of hypertension**   0.012  0.018
No531 (83.4)363 (86.0)168 (78.1) 33 (91.7)9 (64.3) 
Yes106 (16.6)59 (14.0)47 (21.9) 3 (8.3)5 (35.7) 
BMI (kg/m2)   <.001   
<23196 (30.6)158 (37.3)38 (17.6) 11 (30.6)3 (21.4)0.575
23 to < 27.5268 (41.9)180 (42.5)88 (40.7) 15 (41.7)5 (35.7) 
≥27.5176 (27.5)86 (20.3)90 (41.7) 10 (27.8)6 (42.9) 
Periodontal status   0.014  0.413
No or mild periodontitis279 (43.6)200 (47.2)79 (36.6) 18 (50.0)8 (57.1) 
Moderate periodontitis275 (43.0)176 (41.5)99 (45.8) 14 (38.9)3 (21.4) 
Severe periodontitis86 (13.4)48 (11.3)38 (17.6) 4 (11.1)3 (21.4) 

Note(s): *Data are stratified into groups of normal HbA1c (<5.7) and abnormal HbA1c (≥5.7). Values are presented as absolute number (n), percentage of a stratified subgroup (normal and abnormal) and p-values. Statistically significant at p < 0.05); **Each variable might have different numbers of participants due to missing data

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