Clinical characteristics according to HbA1c levels in the study and validation population*
| Characteristic | Study population (n = 640) | Validation population (n = 50) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Normal HbA1c (n = 424) | Abnormal HbA1c (n = 216) | p-value | Normal HbA1c (n = 36) | Abnormal HbA1c (n = 14) | p-value | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | 0.111 | |||||
| 25–35 | 101 (15.8) | 84 (19.8) | 17 (7.9) | 3 (8.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| 36–45 | 94 (14.7) | 72 (17.0) | 22 (10.2) | 12 (33.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| 46–55 | 189 (29.5) | 122 (28.8) | 67 (31.0) | 14 (38.9) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| 56–65 | 173 (27.0) | 97 (22.9) | 76 (35.2) | 5 (13.9) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| 66–89 | 83 (13.0) | 49 (11.6) | 34 (15.7) | 2 (5.6) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Sex | 0.052 | 0.675 | |||||
| Male | 101 (23.8) | 37 (17.1) | 138 (21.6) | 4 (11.1) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Female | 323 (76.2) | 179 (82.9) | 502 (78.4) | 32 (88.9) | 13 (92.9) | ||
| Education level | 0.187 | 0.598 | |||||
| None-primary education | 181 (28.3) | 116 (27.4) | 65 (30.1) | 10 (27.8) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Secondary education | 123 (19.2) | 75 (17.7) | 48 (22.2) | 6 (16.7) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Higher education | 336 (52.5) | 233 (55.0) | 103 (47.7) | 20 (55.6) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| Marital status | 0.283 | 0.283 | |||||
| Single | 194 (30.3) | 145 (34.2) | 49 (22.7) | 14 (38.9) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Married | 381 (59.5) | 242 (57.1) | 139 (64.4) | 21 (58.3) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Separated | 65 (10.2) | 37 (8.7) | 28 (13.0) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| Smoking status** | 0.322 | 0.809 | |||||
| Never smoked | 586 (91.7) | 386 (91.3) | 200 (92.6) | 32 (88.9) | 13 (92.9) | ||
| Former smoker | 21 (3.3) | 17 (4.0) | 4 (1.9) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Current smoker | 32 (5.0) | 20 (4.7) | 12 (5.6) | 3 (8.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Current alcohol consumer | 0.131 | 0.384 | |||||
| No | 525 (82.2) | 341 (80.6) | 184 (85.2) | 30 (83.3) | 13 (92.9) | ||
| Yes | 114 (17.8) | 82 (19.4) | 32 (14.8) | 6 (16.7) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| History of medical illness | 0.021 | 0.106 | |||||
| No | 395 (62.0) | 275 (65.2) | 120 (55.8) | 22 (61.1) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| Yes | 242 (38.0) | 147 (34.8) | 95 (44.2) | 14 (38.9) | 9 (64.3) | ||
| Family history of DM) | 0.004 | 0.41 | |||||
| No | 411 (64.2) | 289 (68.2) | 122 (56.5) | 25 (69.4) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Yes | 229 (35.8) | 135 (31.8) | 94 (43.5) | 11 (30.6) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| History of hypertension** | 0.012 | 0.018 | |||||
| No | 531 (83.4) | 363 (86.0) | 168 (78.1) | 33 (91.7) | 9 (64.3) | ||
| Yes | 106 (16.6) | 59 (14.0) | 47 (21.9) | 3 (8.3) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <.001 | ||||||
| <23 | 196 (30.6) | 158 (37.3) | 38 (17.6) | 11 (30.6) | 3 (21.4) | 0.575 | |
| 23 to < 27.5 | 268 (41.9) | 180 (42.5) | 88 (40.7) | 15 (41.7) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| ≥27.5 | 176 (27.5) | 86 (20.3) | 90 (41.7) | 10 (27.8) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| Periodontal status | 0.014 | 0.413 | |||||
| No or mild periodontitis | 279 (43.6) | 200 (47.2) | 79 (36.6) | 18 (50.0) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Moderate periodontitis | 275 (43.0) | 176 (41.5) | 99 (45.8) | 14 (38.9) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| Severe periodontitis | 86 (13.4) | 48 (11.3) | 38 (17.6) | 4 (11.1) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| Characteristic | Study population ( | Validation population ( | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Normal HbA1c ( | Abnormal HbA1c ( | Normal HbA1c ( | Abnormal HbA1c ( | |||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | 0.111 | |||||
| 25–35 | 101 (15.8) | 84 (19.8) | 17 (7.9) | 3 (8.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| 36–45 | 94 (14.7) | 72 (17.0) | 22 (10.2) | 12 (33.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| 46–55 | 189 (29.5) | 122 (28.8) | 67 (31.0) | 14 (38.9) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| 56–65 | 173 (27.0) | 97 (22.9) | 76 (35.2) | 5 (13.9) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| 66–89 | 83 (13.0) | 49 (11.6) | 34 (15.7) | 2 (5.6) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Sex | 0.052 | 0.675 | |||||
| Male | 101 (23.8) | 37 (17.1) | 138 (21.6) | 4 (11.1) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Female | 323 (76.2) | 179 (82.9) | 502 (78.4) | 32 (88.9) | 13 (92.9) | ||
| Education level | 0.187 | 0.598 | |||||
| None-primary education | 181 (28.3) | 116 (27.4) | 65 (30.1) | 10 (27.8) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Secondary education | 123 (19.2) | 75 (17.7) | 48 (22.2) | 6 (16.7) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Higher education | 336 (52.5) | 233 (55.0) | 103 (47.7) | 20 (55.6) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| Marital status | 0.283 | 0.283 | |||||
| Single | 194 (30.3) | 145 (34.2) | 49 (22.7) | 14 (38.9) | 4 (28.6) | ||
| Married | 381 (59.5) | 242 (57.1) | 139 (64.4) | 21 (58.3) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Separated | 65 (10.2) | 37 (8.7) | 28 (13.0) | 1 (2.8) | 2 (14.3) | ||
| Smoking status** | 0.322 | 0.809 | |||||
| Never smoked | 586 (91.7) | 386 (91.3) | 200 (92.6) | 32 (88.9) | 13 (92.9) | ||
| Former smoker | 21 (3.3) | 17 (4.0) | 4 (1.9) | 1 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Current smoker | 32 (5.0) | 20 (4.7) | 12 (5.6) | 3 (8.3) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| Current alcohol consumer | 0.131 | 0.384 | |||||
| No | 525 (82.2) | 341 (80.6) | 184 (85.2) | 30 (83.3) | 13 (92.9) | ||
| Yes | 114 (17.8) | 82 (19.4) | 32 (14.8) | 6 (16.7) | 1 (7.1) | ||
| History of medical illness | 0.021 | 0.106 | |||||
| No | 395 (62.0) | 275 (65.2) | 120 (55.8) | 22 (61.1) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| Yes | 242 (38.0) | 147 (34.8) | 95 (44.2) | 14 (38.9) | 9 (64.3) | ||
| Family history of DM) | 0.004 | 0.41 | |||||
| No | 411 (64.2) | 289 (68.2) | 122 (56.5) | 25 (69.4) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Yes | 229 (35.8) | 135 (31.8) | 94 (43.5) | 11 (30.6) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| History of hypertension** | 0.012 | 0.018 | |||||
| No | 531 (83.4) | 363 (86.0) | 168 (78.1) | 33 (91.7) | 9 (64.3) | ||
| Yes | 106 (16.6) | 59 (14.0) | 47 (21.9) | 3 (8.3) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <.001 | ||||||
| <23 | 196 (30.6) | 158 (37.3) | 38 (17.6) | 11 (30.6) | 3 (21.4) | 0.575 | |
| 23 to < 27.5 | 268 (41.9) | 180 (42.5) | 88 (40.7) | 15 (41.7) | 5 (35.7) | ||
| ≥27.5 | 176 (27.5) | 86 (20.3) | 90 (41.7) | 10 (27.8) | 6 (42.9) | ||
| Periodontal status | 0.014 | 0.413 | |||||
| No or mild periodontitis | 279 (43.6) | 200 (47.2) | 79 (36.6) | 18 (50.0) | 8 (57.1) | ||
| Moderate periodontitis | 275 (43.0) | 176 (41.5) | 99 (45.8) | 14 (38.9) | 3 (21.4) | ||
| Severe periodontitis | 86 (13.4) | 48 (11.3) | 38 (17.6) | 4 (11.1) | 3 (21.4) | ||
Note(s): *Data are stratified into groups of normal HbA1c (<5.7) and abnormal HbA1c (≥5.7). Values are presented as absolute number (n), percentage of a stratified subgroup (normal and abnormal) and p-values. Statistically significant at p < 0.05); **Each variable might have different numbers of participants due to missing data