Table I. Ambidexterity strategies in... | Emerald Publishing

Table I.

Ambidexterity strategies in illegitimate institutional contexts

Illegitimate institutional arrangements		Ambidexterity strategies
Characteristics	Illegitimate rules and norms that do not reflect the societal values	Exploitation	Exploration
Impacts (Direct)	Illegal payments (cuotas/vacunas) a form of extortion and micro-extortion Virtual extortions Threat, express-kidnapping and/or murder of employees Physical destruction, attacks and/or intrusion of the firms’ infrastructure	Investment in hardware surveillance equipment Written security and prevention procedures Reinforce HRM policies and practices, such as: private transportation, flexible timetable, life insurance, home office, etc.	Security protocols to enter conflict zones Firm’s transportation fleet and employees’ uniforms identified with the firm’s logo Map invisible borders, (e.g., wars between gangs) to restrict firms coverage in such areas Redesign recruitment, selection and training policies and practices Adjustment to budgets according to security-risk context “New” organizational units to comply with C-TPAT
Impacts (Indirect)	Loss of customers, production Interruptions and supply chain disruptions through social unrest, blockades and protests Employees’ fear, tension and stress	Caution in relation to information sharing by front-line manager Information sharing among employees (e.g., norms and behaviors) Posters and TV screens on preventive security measures. Being alert – employees’ embedded behavior	Engagements with popular legitimator Front-line managers’ ability to make discretionary decisions to protect employees Collection security risk issues bottom-up (from subordinates)

Illegitimate institutional arrangements		Ambidexterity strategies
Characteristics	Illegitimate rules and norms that do not reflect the societal values	Exploitation	Exploration
Impacts(Direct)	Illegal payments (cuotas/vacunas) a form of extortion and micro-extortionVirtual extortionsThreat, express-kidnapping and/or murder of employeesPhysical destruction, attacks and/or intrusion of the firms’ infrastructure	Investment in hardware surveillance equipmentWritten security and prevention proceduresReinforce HRM policies and practices, such as: private transportation, flexible timetable, life insurance, home office, etc.	Security protocols to enter conflict zonesFirm’s transportation fleet and employees’ uniforms identified with the firm’s logoMap invisible borders, (e.g., wars between gangs) to restrict firms coverage in such areasRedesign recruitment, selection and training policies and practicesAdjustment to budgets according to security-risk context“New” organizational units to comply with C-TPAT
Impacts(Indirect)	Loss of customers, productionInterruptions and supply chain disruptions through social unrest, blockades and protestsEmployees’ fear, tension and stress	Caution in relation to information sharing by front-line managerInformation sharing among employees (e.g., norms and behaviors)Posters and TV screens on preventive security measures.Being alert – employees’ embedded behavior	Engagements with popular legitimatorFront-line managers’ ability to make discretionary decisions to protect employeesCollection security risk issues bottom-up (from subordinates)