Table 2. Data structure First-order...

Table 2.

Data structure

First-order	Second-order	Third-order	Integration process
Trauma Stress Insecurities Lack of confidence Unemployment/underemployment Lack of education Competitive formal market Lack of trust Huge informal market of Pakistan	Immediate family attachment helps in dealing with negative emotions Nuclear family configurations demand means to survive Family business is preferred Family members work for their business Informal businesses are started	Resilience Survival instincts Forced to informal business Family business is inherited to generations	Entering labor market

Increase communication and interaction with ethnic networks in other cities Cheap labor Business collaborations Increased trust Job opportunities in Afghan businesses Informal training and advice Networks	Migration networks providing with resources Increased access to locations and spatial networks	Afghan refugee migration network Social ties in sparse locations	Support from ethnic refugee networks
Local help for legal matters e.g. tax, bails, etc Afghan refugee generations learning the language Celebrating/adopting local Pakistani traditions Local social ties Entering to local education institutes	Local community developing trust Accepting Afghan refugees as one of them (slow process) Afghan refugee young generations consider them Pakistanis	Pace of acculturation	Developing bridging ties

First-order	Second-order	Third-order	Integration process
TraumaStressInsecuritiesLack of confidenceUnemployment/underemploymentLack of educationCompetitive formal marketLack of trustHuge informal market of Pakistan	Immediate family attachment helps in dealing with negative emotionsNuclear family configurations demand means to surviveFamily business is preferredFamily members work for their businessInformal businesses are started	ResilienceSurvival instinctsForced to informal businessFamily business is inherited to generations	Entering labor market

Increase communication and interaction with ethnic networks in other citiesCheap laborBusiness collaborationsIncreased trustJob opportunities inAfghan businessesInformal training and adviceNetworks	Migration networks providing with resourcesIncreased access to locations and spatial networks	Afghan refugee migration networkSocial ties in sparse locations	Support from ethnic refugee networks
Local help for legal matters e.g. tax, bails, etcAfghan refugee generations learning the languageCelebrating/adopting local Pakistani traditionsLocal social tiesEntering to local education institutes	Local community developing trustAccepting Afghan refugees as one of them (slow process)Afghan refugee young generations consider them Pakistanis	Pace of acculturation	Developing bridging ties