Sample characteristics and descriptive statistics
| Self-employment and family descriptives | Labor migrants N = 2,503 | Refugees N = 10,519 |
|---|---|---|
| Entry rate to self-employment* | 5.9% | 4.9% |
| Exit rate from self-employmentª | 6.2% | 7.3% |
| Number of family members | 1.01 (0.16) | 1.09 (0.36) |
| Independent variables | ||
| Ethnic capital | 5.0% | 7.0% |
| Family financial capital (Disposable Family Income in 100’ Swedish Krona) | 2.5 (2.86) | 2.7 (2.31) |
| Family human capital (average family years of education) | 10.8 (4.95) | 10.1 (3.50) |
| Family entrepreneurial capital (% entrepreneurs in the family) | 2.3 (1.52) | 1.9 (1.39) |
| Control variables | ||
| Entrepreneur’s Age | 38.90 (8.96) | 39.26 (9.80) |
| Gender (Female = 1) | 24.5% | 22.1% |
| Number of Children | 0.76 (1.01) | 1.27 (1.32) |
| Years since immigration | 5.05 (3.84) | 13.97 (6.63) |
| Individual years of education | 11.8 (5.03) | 11.5 (3.18) |
| Stockholm County (0/1) | 37.1% | 46.1% |
| Incorporation | 12.5% | 9.8% |
| Sole proprietorship | 87.5% | 90.2% |
| Married (0/1) | 14.4% | 22.4% |
| Control variables – industry | ||
| Information and communication | 4.8% | 2.1% |
| Construction | 31.2% | 4.0% |
| Hotels and restaurants | 8.2% | 20.5% |
| Transport and retail | 9.4% | 32.9% |
| Business services | 9.9% | 3.5% |
| Finance and real estate | 1.0% | 1.2% |
| Health and education | 4.6% | 6.7% |
| Manufacturing, agriculture and other | 30.9% | 28.8% |
| Control variables – region of birth | ||
| Europe (0/1) | 81.9% | 19.5% |
| Middle East (0/1) | 5.3% | 63% |
| Former Soviet Union (0/1) | 2.7% | 3.5% |
| Asia | 4.3% | 6.2% |
| USA–Canada–Australia | 2.5% | 0% |
| Other | 3.53% | 7.8% |
| Self-employment and family descriptives | Labor migrants | Refugees |
|---|---|---|
| Entry rate to self-employment* | 5.9% | 4.9% |
| Exit rate from self-employmentª | 6.2% | 7.3% |
| Number of family members | 1.01 (0.16) | 1.09 (0.36) |
| Ethnic capital | 5.0% | 7.0% |
| Family financial capital (Disposable Family Income in 100’ Swedish Krona) | 2.5 (2.86) | 2.7 (2.31) |
| Family human capital (average family years of education) | 10.8 (4.95) | 10.1 (3.50) |
| Family entrepreneurial capital (% entrepreneurs in the family) | 2.3 (1.52) | 1.9 (1.39) |
| Entrepreneur’s Age | 38.90 (8.96) | 39.26 (9.80) |
| Gender (Female = 1) | 24.5% | 22.1% |
| Number of Children | 0.76 (1.01) | 1.27 (1.32) |
| Years since immigration | 5.05 (3.84) | 13.97 (6.63) |
| Individual years of education | 11.8 (5.03) | 11.5 (3.18) |
| Stockholm County (0/1) | 37.1% | 46.1% |
| Incorporation | 12.5% | 9.8% |
| Sole proprietorship | 87.5% | 90.2% |
| Married (0/1) | 14.4% | 22.4% |
| Information and communication | 4.8% | 2.1% |
| Construction | 31.2% | 4.0% |
| Hotels and restaurants | 8.2% | 20.5% |
| Transport and retail | 9.4% | 32.9% |
| Business services | 9.9% | 3.5% |
| Finance and real estate | 1.0% | 1.2% |
| Health and education | 4.6% | 6.7% |
| Manufacturing, agriculture and other | 30.9% | 28.8% |
| Europe (0/1) | 81.9% | 19.5% |
| Middle East (0/1) | 5.3% | 63% |
| Former Soviet Union (0/1) | 2.7% | 3.5% |
| Asia | 4.3% | 6.2% |
| USA–Canada–Australia | 2.5% | 0% |
| Other | 3.53% | 7.8% |
Notes: The table shows mean values and standard deviations in parentheses, and is based on mean values upon entry into entrepreneurship throughout the study period 2006–2012. *Entry rates are based on the full population of individuals, i.e. the 2,503 self-employed labor migrants represents a 5.85% entry rate out of a total number of 42,786 labor migrants in Sweden, and the 10,519 self-employed refugees represents a 4.86% entry rate out of a total number of 216,440 refugees in Sweden during the study period. aExit rate is based on the average yearly exit rate throughout the study period