Results from cox regressions on self-employment duration among refugees and labor migrants in Sweden, 2005–2012
| Labor migrants | Refugees | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exit to unemployment | Exit to employment | Exit to unemployment | Exit to employment | |
| Independent variables | ||||
| Ethnic capital | 0.163 (0.003) | 0.496 (0.32) | 0.343*** (0.137) | 1.404 (0.438) |
| Family financial capital (family disposable income (ln)) | 1.120*** (0.0397) | 0.868*** (0.0199) | 1.057*** (0.0162) | 0.875*** (0.00839) |
| Family human capital (average family years of education) | 1.032** (0.0160) | 0.999 (0.0170) | 1.042*** (0.00760) | 1.004 (0.00702) |
| Family entrepreneurial capital (average no. of entrepreneurs in a family) | 0.468*** (0.0215) | 0.562*** (0.0281) | 0.570*** (0.0113) | 0.631*** (0.0123) |
| Controls variables – individual | ||||
| Entrepreneur’s age (years) | 0.987** (0.00550) | 1.004 (0.00620) | 0.974*** (0.00198) | 1.008*** (0.00209) |
| Gender (Female = 1) | 1.089 (0.117) | 0.650*** (0.0865) | 1.232*** (0.0564) | 0.735*** (0.0350) |
| Number of children | 0.938 (0.0416) | 0.918 (0.0507) | 0.988 (0.0161) | 1.014 (0.0156) |
| Years since immigration | 1.011 (0.0108) | 0.961*** (0.0143) | 1.020*** (0.00345) | 0.981*** (0.00310) |
| Years of education | 1.013 (0.0153) | 0.949*** (0.0145) | 1.030*** (0.00871) | 0.938*** (0.00704) |
| Stockholm County (0/1) | 0.793** (0.0744) | 1.096 (0.119) | 0.846*** (0.0339) | 1.208*** (0.0478) |
| Control variables – industry | ||||
| Information and communication | 0.825 (0.108) | 0.0379*** (0.0118) | 1.051 (0.114) | 0.0836*** (0.0204) |
| Construction | 1.550*** (0.258) | 0.0560*** (0.0398) | 1.244* (0.148) | 0.0905*** (0.0321) |
| Hotels and restaurants | 1.461*** (0.209) | 0.112*** (0.0352) | 1.135*** (0.0548) | 0.0767*** (0.00627) |
| Transport and retail | 1.283 (0.223) | 0.302*** (0.0707) | 0.822*** (0.0530) | 0.125*** (0.0104) |
| Business services | 1.006 (0.387) | 0.533 (0.242) | 1.488*** (0.203) | 0.158*** (0.0479) |
| Finance and real estate | 0.849 (0.164) | 0.0321*** (0.0228) | 1.660*** (0.146) | 0.173*** (0.0300) |
| Health and education | 0.825 (0.108) | 0.0379*** (0.0118) | 1.051 (0.114) | 0.0836*** (0.0204) |
| Control variables – region of birth | ||||
| Europe | 1.230 (0.230) | 1.269 (0.263) | 0.905 (0.0669) | 0.916 (0.0820) |
| Middle East | 1.400 (0.381) | 1.049 (0.318) | 0.824*** (0.0547) | 1.282*** (0.100) |
| Former Soviet Union | 1.490 (0.401) | 1.100 (0.449) | 0.825 (0.101) | 0.939 (0.132) |
| Asia | 1.427 (0.354) | 0.904 (0.293) | 0.857 (0.0858) | 1.286** (0.137) |
| Unique number of individuals | 2,503 | 10,519 | 2,503 | 10,519 |
| Exits | 548 | 367 | 2,673 | 2,583 |
| Individual-year observations | 6,084 | 6,084 | 27,332 | 27,332 |
| Log Pseudo-Likelihood | −3,825.10 | −44,955.91 | −21,924.68 | −44,955.91 |
| Labor migrants | Refugees | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exit to unemployment | Exit to employment | Exit to unemployment | Exit to employment | |
| Ethnic capital | 0.163 (0.003) | 0.496 (0.32) | 0.343*** (0.137) | 1.404 (0.438) |
| Family financial capital (family disposable income (ln)) | 1.120*** (0.0397) | 0.868*** (0.0199) | 1.057*** (0.0162) | 0.875*** (0.00839) |
| Family human capital (average family years of education) | 1.032** (0.0160) | 0.999 (0.0170) | 1.042*** (0.00760) | 1.004 (0.00702) |
| Family entrepreneurial capital (average no. of entrepreneurs in a family) | 0.468*** (0.0215) | 0.562*** (0.0281) | 0.570*** (0.0113) | 0.631*** (0.0123) |
| Entrepreneur’s age (years) | 0.987** (0.00550) | 1.004 (0.00620) | 0.974*** (0.00198) | 1.008*** (0.00209) |
| Gender (Female = 1) | 1.089 (0.117) | 0.650*** (0.0865) | 1.232*** (0.0564) | 0.735*** (0.0350) |
| Number of children | 0.938 (0.0416) | 0.918 (0.0507) | 0.988 (0.0161) | 1.014 (0.0156) |
| Years since immigration | 1.011 (0.0108) | 0.961*** (0.0143) | 1.020*** (0.00345) | 0.981*** (0.00310) |
| Years of education | 1.013 (0.0153) | 0.949*** (0.0145) | 1.030*** (0.00871) | 0.938*** (0.00704) |
| Stockholm County (0/1) | 0.793** (0.0744) | 1.096 (0.119) | 0.846*** (0.0339) | 1.208*** (0.0478) |
| Information and communication | 0.825 (0.108) | 0.0379*** (0.0118) | 1.051 (0.114) | 0.0836*** (0.0204) |
| Construction | 1.550*** (0.258) | 0.0560*** (0.0398) | 1.244* (0.148) | 0.0905*** (0.0321) |
| Hotels and restaurants | 1.461*** (0.209) | 0.112*** (0.0352) | 1.135*** (0.0548) | 0.0767*** (0.00627) |
| Transport and retail | 1.283 (0.223) | 0.302*** (0.0707) | 0.822*** (0.0530) | 0.125*** (0.0104) |
| Business services | 1.006 (0.387) | 0.533 (0.242) | 1.488*** (0.203) | 0.158*** (0.0479) |
| Finance and real estate | 0.849 (0.164) | 0.0321*** (0.0228) | 1.660*** (0.146) | 0.173*** (0.0300) |
| Health and education | 0.825 (0.108) | 0.0379*** (0.0118) | 1.051 (0.114) | 0.0836*** (0.0204) |
| Europe | 1.230 (0.230) | 1.269 (0.263) | 0.905 (0.0669) | 0.916 (0.0820) |
| Middle East | 1.400 (0.381) | 1.049 (0.318) | 0.824*** (0.0547) | 1.282*** (0.100) |
| Former Soviet Union | 1.490 (0.401) | 1.100 (0.449) | 0.825 (0.101) | 0.939 (0.132) |
| Asia | 1.427 (0.354) | 0.904 (0.293) | 0.857 (0.0858) | 1.286** (0.137) |
| Unique number of individuals | 2,503 | 10,519 | 2,503 | 10,519 |
| Exits | 548 | 367 | 2,673 | 2,583 |
| Individual-year observations | 6,084 | 6,084 | 27,332 | 27,332 |
| Log Pseudo-Likelihood | −3,825.10 | −44,955.91 | −21,924.68 | −44,955.91 |
Notes: *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01