Table 3

Regression results of three types of ER combination

No lagOne-year lag
Model 1Model 2Model 3Model 4
GTFP t−10.4853***0.4907***0.4760***0.4584***
(4.94)(4.86)(5.2)(5.05)
CER0.0587−0.20590.1239**0.1970
(1.12)(−0.79)(2.11)(0.86)
CER2 0.2811 −0.0797
 (1.04) (−0.33)
MER0.1183*0.24720.10630.1108
(1.7)(1.07)(1.53)(0.5)
MER2 −0.1292 −0.0090
 (−0.55) (−0.04)
VER0.0155−0.1117−0.01140.1874
(0.25)(−0.74)(−0.23)(1.43)
VER2 0.1604 −0.2560*
 (0.86) (−1.67)
GDP0.02520.05710.06010.0277
(0.35)(0.55)(0.92)(0.33)
OSS0.1544**0.1583**0.2312***0.2301***
(2.36)(2.43)(3.65)(3.60)
IDP0.2600***0.2925***0.1429**0.1265***
(3.24)(3.45)(2.00)(1.68)
Constant0.3632***0.3544***0.3818***0.3877***
(4.03)(3.91)(4.38)(4.54)
σu0.0584***0.0570***0.0620***0.0640***
(4.01)(3.50)(4.71)(4.59)
σe0.0680***0.0678***0.0678***0.0666***
(13.62)(12.9)(14.31)(14.08)
     
r0.42480.41460.45550.4798
LR test8.13***6.04***9.99***10.09***
Wald χ2104.57***107.84***92.95***97.32***
Log likelihood167.2559168.1943166.2314167.6217

Numbers within parentheses represent the z-values. σu, error due to differences between units; σe, error due to differences within units. *, ** and *** represent statistical significance at 10, 5 and 1% levels, respectively

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