Table I.

Learning – unlearning – learning as a continuum leading to continual metamorphosis

GoalContinual metamorphosis Nguyen and Morais-Storz (2017) 
StepsPhase 1Phase 2Phase 3Phase 4
ProcessesProblem formulation (Nguyen and Morais-Storz, 2017)Destabilization of old routines (Fiol and O’Connor, 2017)Discarding from use of the old and experimenting with the new (Fiol and O’Connor, 2017)Developing new understanding and releasing the old (Fiol and O’Connor, 2017)
FacilitationLeadership behavior
MeansLearningLearning – unlearningUnlearning – learningLearning
Practitioner/ managerial actionCheck the environment
Look for early-warning signs
Check the validity of the mission
Check the validity of the strategic intent
Replace top managers?
Raise awareness for change
Provide information about reasons for change
Manage conflict
Provide a clear vision of a desired reality
Invite active participation
Replace top managers?
Stimulate interaction (e.g. role playing and experimentation)
Select key employees to support role-playing
Provide incentives to reinforce desired behavior
Stimulate interaction
Align individual and group actions
Stimulate collective understanding of new behavior
Maintain a realistic outlook

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