Table 1 Development of service ecosystem... | Emerald Publishing

Table 1

Development of service ecosystem and digital service capability research before and after the outbreak of Covid19

	Researches before Covid19	Researches after Covid19
SES	The research focused on the dissimilarity of goods and services and viewed innovation based on goods-dominant logic. Researchers considered improved processes for profit maximization only The research considered markets as being established for value co-creation purposes. Most research studies concentrated on the healthcare ecosystem (Vargo, 2013; Koskela, 2018). But also, most of the research in the service ecosystem was conceptual/qualitative based and far back to 2003	They focus on doing away with dissimilarity between goods and services and making innovation concepts relevant to industrial and service sectors. It considers innovation based on service-dominant logic with an emphasis on enhancing value co-creation among actors of ecosystems Markets are a dichotomy of structure linked to management and innovation. And value co-creation is via the integration of resources (Mustak & Plé, 2020). Researchers are moving to a quantitative approach
	The research focused on customers as co-producer and firms as value proposers. Also, it investigated how technology-enabled firms compete in the market (Vargo & Lusch, 2018). Emphasis was on the design of services (Vink et al., 2021)	Research considers value to be co-created by many actors. Researchers are studying actors’ positions in value creation and proposition with cross-firms’ collaboration Similarly, examining how technology enables a firm to survive over the market dynamics by being flexible (Kohtamäki et al., 2019). Attention is on how institutional arrangements and other inter-dependencies affect service design. Emphasize is on design for service (Vink et al., 2021)
DD_SC	Digital capability researches were mainly on products-centric business model development. In addition, researchers studied customer interaction with firms (Vargo & Lusch, 2018)	Studies companies’ autonomous systems with improved uses of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots, how software mechanisms capture value co-creation, and how digital capability paves the way from product-centric to service-centric business model development. Also, assessing how digital servitization will enable customer interactions and relationship building with firms Researchers are finding out how digital data support customer service and automation of operations for customers to resolve their problems (Kohtamäki et al., 2019). Business agility, resilience and building of dynamic capabilities essential for survival and grabbing business opportunities in times of crisis with the help of digital capabilities are now areas of priority (Tronvoll, Sklyar, Sörhammar, & Kowalkowski, 2020; Vial, 2019)

	Researches before Covid19	Researches after Covid19
SES	The research focused on the dissimilarity of goods and services and viewed innovation based on goods-dominant logic. Researchers considered improved processes for profit maximization onlyThe research considered markets as being established for value co-creation purposes. Most research studies concentrated on the healthcare ecosystem (Vargo, 2013; Koskela, 2018). But also, most of the research in the service ecosystem was conceptual/qualitative based and far back to 2003	They focus on doing away with dissimilarity between goods and services and making innovation concepts relevant to industrial and service sectors. It considers innovation based on service-dominant logic with an emphasis on enhancing value co-creation among actors of ecosystemsMarkets are a dichotomy of structure linked to management and innovation. And value co-creation is via the integration of resources (Mustak & Plé, 2020). Researchers are moving to a quantitative approach
	The research focused on customers as co-producer and firms as value proposers. Also, it investigated how technology-enabled firms compete in the market (Vargo & Lusch, 2018). Emphasis was on the design of services (Vink et al., 2021)	Research considers value to be co-created by many actors. Researchers are studying actors’ positions in value creation and proposition with cross-firms’ collaborationSimilarly, examining how technology enables a firm to survive over the market dynamics by being flexible (Kohtamäki et al., 2019). Attention is on how institutional arrangements and other inter-dependencies affect service design. Emphasize is on design for service (Vink et al., 2021)
DD_SC	Digital capability researches were mainly on products-centric business model development. In addition, researchers studied customer interaction with firms (Vargo & Lusch, 2018)	Studies companies’ autonomous systems with improved uses of artificial intelligence (AI) and robots, how software mechanisms capture value co-creation, and how digital capability paves the way from product-centric to service-centric business model development. Also, assessing how digital servitization will enable customer interactions and relationship building with firmsResearchers are finding out how digital data support customer service and automation of operations for customers to resolve their problems (Kohtamäki et al., 2019).Business agility, resilience and building of dynamic capabilities essential for survival and grabbing business opportunities in times of crisis with the help of digital capabilities are now areas of priority (Tronvoll, Sklyar, Sörhammar, & Kowalkowski, 2020; Vial, 2019)