Table 1 Definition of business model...

Table 1

Definition of business model innovation

Authors	Definition
Mitchell and Coles (2004, p. 17)	“By business model innovation, we mean business model replacements that provide product or service offerings to customers and end users that were not previously available. We also refer to the process of developing these novel replacements as business model innovation”
Osterwalder et al. (2005, p. 24)	“Specifying a set of business model elements and building blocks, as well as their relationships to one another […] a business model designer can experiment with these blocks and create completely new business models, limited only by imagination and the pieces supplied”
Labbè and Mazet (2005, p. 897)	“A business model innovation changes one or more dimensions of a business model (which are perceived by the authors as product-market combination, the architecture of the value creation, and the revenue model) so that a novel configuration of the elements is created and implemented”
Markides (2006, p. 20)	“Business model innovation is the discovery of a fundamentally different business model in an existing business”
Chesbrough (2007, p. 15)	Business model innovation is to “advance [the] business model […] from very basic (and not very valuable) models to far more advanced (and more valuable) models”
Santos et al. (2009, p. 14)	“Business model innovation is a reconfiguration of activities in the existing business model of a firm that is new to the product service market in which the firm competes”
Gambardella and McGahan (2010, p. 263)	“Business-model innovation occurs when a firm adopts a novel approach to commercializing its underlying assets”
Yunus et al. (2010, p. 312)	“Business model innovation is about generating new sources of profit by finding novel value proposition/value constellation combinations”
Johnson and Lafley (2010, p. 114)	“The ability to innovate something more core than the core, to innovate the very theory of the business itself. I call that process business model innovation”
Bucherer, Eisert, and Gassmann (2012, p. 184)	“We define business model innovation as a process that deliberately changes the core elements of a firm and its business logic”
Abdelkafi, Makhotin, and Posselt (2013, p. 13)	“A business model innovation happens when the company modifies or improves at least one of the value dimensions”
Berglund and Sandström (2013, p. 276)	“A BMI can thus be thought of as the introduction of a new business model aimed to create commercial value”
Casadesus‐Masanell and Zhu (2013, p. 464)	“At root, business model innovation refers to the search for new logics of the firm and new ways to create and capture value for its stakeholders; it focuses primarily on finding new ways to generate revenues and define value propositions for customers, suppliers, and partners”
Khanagha, Volberda, and Oshri (2014, p. 324)	“Business model innovation activities can range from incremental changes in individual components of business models, extension of the existing business model, introduction of parallel business models, right through to disruption of the business model, which may potentially entail replacing the existing model with a fundamentally different one”
Geissdoerfer et al. (2016, p. 1220)	“Business model innovation describes either a process of transformation from one business model to another within incumbent companies or after mergers and acquisitions, or the creation of entirely new business models in start-ups”
Foss and Saebi (2017, p. 216)	“We define a BMI as “designed, novel, and nontrivial changes to the key elements of a firm’s BM and/or the architecture linking these elements”
Geissdoerfer et al. (2018, p. 406)	“We define business model innovation as the conceptualisation and implementation of new business models. This can comprise the development of entirely new business models, the diversification into additional business models, the acquisition of new business models, or the transformation from one business model to another. The transformation can affect the entire business model or individual or a combination of its value proposition, value creation and deliver, and value capture elements, the interrelations between the elements, and the value network”
Landoni et al. (2020, p. 8)	“BMI is “ a strategic tool that helps overcome the resource constraints they face along the life-cycle”
Amit and Zott (2020, pp. 112–113)	“For startups, the term business model innovation often refers to the introduction of a business model that is novel […] to the product-market space in which the firm competes. […] A business model design of an incumbent firm to be innovative when the firm changes its activity system so that the new system is novel for the firm and possibly also in the product-market space in which it competes”
Andreini et al. (2021, p. 4)	“BMI is a set of deliberate acts that managers and entrepreneurs perform over time to change the BM components and architecture in a consistent and innovative way”
Lantano et al. (2022, p. 8 )	“BMI is widely recognized as a crucial activity that incumbents have to perform in order to successfully face the threat coming from new and innovative entrants”

Authors	Definition
Mitchell and Coles (2004, p. 17)	“By business model innovation, we mean business model replacements that provide product or service offerings to customers and end users that were not previously available. We also refer to the process of developing these novel replacements as business model innovation”
Osterwalder et al. (2005, p. 24)	“Specifying a set of business model elements and building blocks, as well as their relationships to one another […] a business model designer can experiment with these blocks and create completely new business models, limited only by imagination and the pieces supplied”
Labbè and Mazet (2005, p. 897)	“A business model innovation changes one or more dimensions of a business model (which are perceived by the authors as product-market combination, the architecture of the value creation, and the revenue model) so that a novel configuration of the elements is created and implemented”
Markides (2006, p. 20)	“Business model innovation is the discovery of a fundamentally different business model in an existing business”
Chesbrough (2007, p. 15)	Business model innovation is to “advance [the] business model […] from very basic (and not very valuable) models to far more advanced (and more valuable) models”
Santos et al. (2009, p. 14)	“Business model innovation is a reconfiguration of activities in the existing business model of a firm that is new to the product service market in which the firm competes”
Gambardella and McGahan (2010, p. 263)	“Business-model innovation occurs when a firm adopts a novel approach to commercializing its underlying assets”
Yunus et al. (2010, p. 312)	“Business model innovation is about generating new sources of profit by finding novel value proposition/value constellation combinations”
Johnson and Lafley (2010, p. 114)	“The ability to innovate something more core than the core, to innovate the very theory of the business itself. I call that process business model innovation”
Bucherer, Eisert, and Gassmann (2012, p. 184)	“We define business model innovation as a process that deliberately changes the core elements of a firm and its business logic”
Abdelkafi, Makhotin, and Posselt (2013, p. 13)	“A business model innovation happens when the company modifies or improves at least one of the value dimensions”
Berglund and Sandström (2013, p. 276)	“A BMI can thus be thought of as the introduction of a new business model aimed to create commercial value”
Casadesus‐Masanell and Zhu (2013, p. 464)	“At root, business model innovation refers to the search for new logics of the firm and new ways to create and capture value for its stakeholders; it focuses primarily on finding new ways to generate revenues and define value propositions for customers, suppliers, and partners”
Khanagha, Volberda, and Oshri (2014, p. 324)	“Business model innovation activities can range from incremental changes in individual components of business models, extension of the existing business model, introduction of parallel business models, right through to disruption of the business model, which may potentially entail replacing the existing model with a fundamentally different one”
Geissdoerfer et al. (2016, p. 1220)	“Business model innovation describes either a process of transformation from one business model to another within incumbent companies or after mergers and acquisitions, or the creation of entirely new business models in start-ups”
Foss and Saebi (2017, p. 216)	“We define a BMI as “designed, novel, and nontrivial changes to the key elements of a firm’s BM and/or the architecture linking these elements”
Geissdoerfer et al. (2018, p. 406)	“We define business model innovation as the conceptualisation and implementation of new business models. This can comprise the development of entirely new business models, the diversification into additional business models, the acquisition of new business models, or the transformation from one business model to another. The transformation can affect the entire business model or individual or a combination of its value proposition, value creation and deliver, and value capture elements, the interrelations between the elements, and the value network”
Landoni et al. (2020, p. 8)	“BMI is “ a strategic tool that helps overcome the resource constraints they face along the life-cycle”
Amit and Zott (2020, pp. 112–113)	“For startups, the term business model innovation often refers to the introduction of a business model that is novel […] to the product-market space in which the firm competes. […] A business model design of an incumbent firm to be innovative when the firm changes its activity system so that the new system is novel for the firm and possibly also in the product-market space in which it competes”
Andreini et al. (2021, p. 4)	“BMI is a set of deliberate acts that managers and entrepreneurs perform over time to change the BM components and architecture in a consistent and innovative way”
Lantano et al. (2022, p. 8 )	“BMI is widely recognized as a crucial activity that incumbents have to perform in order to successfully face the threat coming from new and innovative entrants”

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