Table 1

Variables descriptions

VariablesMeasureData source
Z-ScoreMeasure of bank stability (ROA + Capital Adequacy Ratio)/sd(ROA)Ali and Puah (2019), Audi et al. (2021), Mkadmi et al. (2021), Muizzuddin et al. (2021), Rahman et al. (2021), Rupeika-Apoga et al. (2018), Supiyadi (2021) 
NPLTLMeasure of bank stability (Non-Performing Loan/Total Gross Loan)Rahman et al. (2021) 
NIMMeasure of profitability (Net Interest Income/Total Asset)Mkadmi et al. (2021), Muizzuddin et al. (2021) 
ROAMeasure of profitability (Net Income/Total Asset)Ali and Puah (2019), Audi et al. (2021), Mkadmi et al. (2021) 
NII_RatioNon-Interest Income ratio (Non-Interest Income/Total Asset)Mkadmi et al. (2021) 
Operating_EfficiencyNon-Interest Expense/Total AssetAli et al. (2021), Dutta and Saha (2021), Rahman et al. (2021), Supiyadi (2021) 
Leverage_RatioDebt-to-asset ratio (Total debt/Total asset)Mkadmi et al. (2021) 
LDTALong-term debt ratio (Long-term Debt/Total Asset)Ayalew (2021) 
Credit_RiskLoan-to-asset ratio (Net Loan/Total Asset)Ali and Puah (2019), Rupeika-Apoga et al. (2018), Supiyadi (2021) 
SizeSize of financial institution (ln(TA))Dutta and Saha (2021), Mkadmi et al. (2021), Rahman et al. (2021), Supiyadi (2021) 

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