Table 4

Suggestions for how integration can be increased to improve CE and LTE

PM process activitiesSuggestions
Selecting performance variablesHOs and donors select certain important performance variables that they agree on, and they determine whether each performance variable represents CE, LTE or both. Examples of performance variables can be seen in Anjomshoae et al. (2017) 
Defining metricsFor each performance variable that is mutually agreed on, HOs and donors should define the metrics together. These metrics definitions must be stored in a metric dictionary. HOs and donors must have the same metric dictionary for each natural disaster preparedness project. Examples of defined metrics are provided by Lu et al. (2016) 
Setting targetsEach metric written in a metric dictionary should set a clear target (e.g. the number of beneficiaries who get money must cover 80% of the population in the disaster area)
MeasuringHOs and donors agree on how frequently they will measure the target and how the report will be shared. It is suggested that measuring occurs relatively often – e.g. weekly – and that technologies are used to provide real-time reports
Analyzing/actingThe reports are used as input for HOs and donors to jointly conduct continuous improvement and follow-up CE and LTE. At that point, HOs and donors analyze the lack of CE and LTE in the PM process and find solutions to improve both. In the end, all 5 joint activities are documented in a PM process integration dictionary. HOs and donors must have the same PM process activities for different natural disaster preparedness projects

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