Table 3 Hierarchical regression models...

Table 3

Hierarchical regression models of the five aspects of elder abuse (N = 600)

Variable	Verbal abuse			Physical abuse			Injury			Financial exploitation			Potentially harmful behaviour
Variable	B [95% CI]	SE	β	B [95% CI]	SE	β	B [95% CI]	SE	β	B [95% CI]	SE	β	B [95% CI]	SE	β
Model 1
Age	−0.03 [−0.09, 0.03]	0.03	−0.05	−0.01 [−0.02, 0.00]	0.01	−0.07	−0.00 [−0.01, 0.00]	0.00	−0.07	−0.04 [−0.08, 0.00]	0.02	−0.10	0.01 [−0.03, 00.04]	0.02	0.02
Gender^a	−2.22 [−3.24, −1.19]	0.52	−0.18***	−0.22 [−0.46, 0.02]	0.12	−0.08	−0.07 [−0.17, 0.02]	0.05	−0.06	−0.94 [−1.67, −0.23]	0.36	−0.11*	−1.17 [−1.81, −0.52]	0.33	−0.15***
Relationship with CR ^b	−0.34 [−1.75, 1.08]	0.72	−0.02	0.13 [−0.19, 0.46]	0.17	0.04	−0.02 [−0.15, 0.11]	0.07	−0.01	−0.47 [−1.44, 0.51]	0.50	−0.05	−0.28 [−1.17, 0.61]	0.45	0.03
Number of days living with CR	−0.34 [−0.88, 0.21]	0.28	−0.05	−0.02 [−0.15, 0.11]	0.07	−0.01	−0.04 [−0.09, 0.01]	0.03	−0.07	−0.04 [−0.40, 0.33]	0.19	−0.01	−0.01 [−0.35, 0.34]	0.18	−0.00
Adjusted R²	0.036			0.004			0.006			0.029			0.017
F	6.242***			1.539			1.910			5.010***			3.373**
Model 2
Age	−0.05 [−0.10, 0.00]	0.03	−0.10*	−0.01 [−0.02, 0.00]	0.01	−0.07	−0.00 [−0.01, 0.00]	0.00	−0.05	−0.05 [−0.09, −0.01]	0.02	−0.13*	−0.01 [−0.04, 0.03]	0.02	−0.02
Gender^a	−1.33 [−2.22, −0.44]	0.45	−0.11**	−0.08 [−0.29, 0.14]	0.11	−0.03	−0.03 [−0.12, 0.06]	0.04	−0.03	−0.64 [−1.33, 0.06]	0.35	−0.08	−0.63 [−1.20, −0.05]	0.29	−0.08*
Relationship with CR^b	1.55 [0.31, 2.79]	0.63	0.11*	0.30 [0.00, 0.60]	0.15	0.10*	−0.00 [−0.12, 0.12]	0.06	0.00	0.24 [−0.72, 1.20]	0.49	0.03	0.85 [0.05, 1.64]	0.41	0.10*
Number of days living with CR	−0.26 [−0.76, 0.24]	0.25	−0.04	0.00 [−0.12, 0.12]	0.06	0.00	−0.04 [−0.09, 0.01]	0.02	−0.07	−0.08 [−0.45, 0.30]	0.19	−0.02	0.08 [−0.24, 0.40]	0.16	0.02
Caregiver burden	0.08 [0.06, 0.11]	0.01	0.31***	0.01 [0.00, 0.01]	0.00	0.14**	0.00 [−0.00, 0.00]	0.00	0.01	0.04 [0.03, 0.06]	0.01	0.24***	0.05 [0.04, 0.07]	0.01	0.30***
Agitated behaviours by CR	0.15 [0.11, 0.19]	0.02	0.32***	0.03 [0.02, 0.04]	0.01	0.26***	0.01 [0.01, 0.01]	0.00	0.24***	0.04 [0.01, 0.07]	0.02	0.13**	0.09 [0.07, 0.12]	0.01	0.31***
Adjusted R²	0.304			0.114			0.058			0.121			0.267
F	41.340***			13.100***			6.849***			13.170***			34.740***
Model 3
Age	−0.05 [−0.10, 0.00]	0.03	−0.10*	−0.01 [−0.02, 0.01]	0.01	−0.06	−0.00 [−0.01, 0.00]	0.00	−0.04	−0.06 [−0.10, −0.01]	0.02	−0.14**	−0.01 [−0.04, 0.02]	0.02	−0.03
Gender^a	−1.36 [−2.26, −0.46]	0.46	−0.11**	−0.08 [−0.30, 0.14]	0.11	−0.03	−0.03 [−0.12, 0.06]	0.05	−0.03	−0.59 [−1.29, 0.11]	0.36	−0.07	−0.58 [−1.17, −0.00]	0.30	−0.08*
Relationship with CR^b	1.73 [0.47, 3.00]	0.64	0.13**	0.34 [0.03, 0.65]	0.16	0.11*	−0.01 [−0.13, 0.12]	0.06	−0.00	0.29 [−0.68, 1.25]	0.49	0.03	0.94 [0.12, 1.75]	0.41	0.11*
Number of days living with CR	−0.18 [−0.70, 0.34]	0.26	−0.03	0.01 [−0.11, 0.14]	0.06	0.01	−0.04 [−0.09, 0.01]	0.03	−0.08	−0.06 [−0.44, 0.33[	0.20	0.01	0.12 [−0.21, 0.45]	0.17	0.03
Caregiver burden	0.08 [0.05, 1.00]	0.01	0.28***	0.01 [0.00, 0.01]	0.00	0.13*	0.00 [−0.00, 0.00]	0.00	−0.02	0.03 [0.01, 0.05]	0.01	0.17***	0.05 [0.03, 0.06]	0.01	0.27***
Agitated behaviours by CR	0.15 [0.11, 0.19]	0.02	0.32***	0.03 [0.02, 0.04]	0.01	0.27***	0.01 [0.01, 0.01]	0.00	0.25***	0.04 [0.02, 0.07]	0.02	0.14**	0.09 [0.07, 0.12]	0.01	0.30***
Resilience	−0.08 [−0.16, 0.00]	0.04	−0.10*	−0.02 [−0.04, 0.00]	0.01	−0.12*	−0.01 [−0.02, 0.00]	0.00	−0.18**	−0.12 [−0.18, −0.05]	0.03	−0.21***	−0.03 [−0.08, 0.02]	0.03	−0.06
Self−efficacy	0.07 [−0.04, 0.19]	0.06	0.06	0.03 [0.00, 0.06]	0.01	0.11*	0.01 [−0.00, 0.02]	0.01	0.07	0.03 [−0.06, 0.12]	0.05	0.04	−0.01 [−0.08, 0.06]	0.04	−0.01
Emotional social support	0.04 [−0.07, 0.14]	0.06	0.04	0.00 [−0.02. 0.03]	0.01	0.01	0.00 [−0.01, 0.01]	0.01	0.00	−0.01 [−0.09, 0.07]	0.04	−0.02	−0.04 [−0.11, 0.03]	0.04	−0.06
Instrumental social support	−0.06 [−0.14, 0.03]	0.04	−0.08	−0.01 [−0.03, 0.02]	0.01	−0.03	0.00 [−0.01, 0.01]	0.00	0.05	0.00 [−0.06, 0.07]	0.03	0.01	0.00 [−0.05, 0.06]	0.03	0.01
Adjusted R²	0.307			0.117			0.069			0.149			0.270
F	25.240***			8.366***			5.131***			10.100***			21.290***

Variable	Verbal abuse			Physical abuse			Injury			Financial exploitation			Potentially harmful behaviour
Variable	B[95% CI]	SE	β	B[95% CI]	SE	β	B[95% CI]	SE	β	B[95% CI]	SE	β	B[95% CI]	SE	β
Model 1
Age	−0.03[−0.09, 0.03]	0.03	−0.05	−0.01[−0.02, 0.00]	0.01	−0.07	−0.00[−0.01, 0.00]	0.00	−0.07	−0.04[−0.08, 0.00]	0.02	−0.10	0.01[−0.03, 00.04]	0.02	0.02
Gender^a	−2.22[−3.24, −1.19]	0.52	−0.18***	−0.22[−0.46, 0.02]	0.12	−0.08	−0.07[−0.17, 0.02]	0.05	−0.06	−0.94[−1.67, −0.23]	0.36	−0.11*	−1.17[−1.81, −0.52]	0.33	−0.15***
Relationship with CR ^b	−0.34[−1.75, 1.08]	0.72	−0.02	0.13[−0.19, 0.46]	0.17	0.04	−0.02[−0.15, 0.11]	0.07	−0.01	−0.47[−1.44, 0.51]	0.50	−0.05	−0.28[−1.17, 0.61]	0.45	0.03
Number of days living with CR	−0.34[−0.88, 0.21]	0.28	−0.05	−0.02[−0.15, 0.11]	0.07	−0.01	−0.04[−0.09, 0.01]	0.03	−0.07	−0.04[−0.40, 0.33]	0.19	−0.01	−0.01[−0.35, 0.34]	0.18	−0.00
Adjusted R²	0.036			0.004			0.006			0.029			0.017
F	6.242***			1.539			1.910			5.010***			3.373**
Model 2
Age	−0.05[−0.10, 0.00]	0.03	−0.10*	−0.01[−0.02, 0.00]	0.01	−0.07	−0.00[−0.01, 0.00]	0.00	−0.05	−0.05[−0.09, −0.01]	0.02	−0.13*	−0.01[−0.04, 0.03]	0.02	−0.02
Gender^a	−1.33[−2.22, −0.44]	0.45	−0.11**	−0.08[−0.29, 0.14]	0.11	−0.03	−0.03[−0.12, 0.06]	0.04	−0.03	−0.64[−1.33, 0.06]	0.35	−0.08	−0.63[−1.20, −0.05]	0.29	−0.08*
Relationship with CR^b	1.55[0.31, 2.79]	0.63	0.11*	0.30[0.00, 0.60]	0.15	0.10*	−0.00[−0.12, 0.12]	0.06	0.00	0.24[−0.72, 1.20]	0.49	0.03	0.85[0.05, 1.64]	0.41	0.10*
Number of days living with CR	−0.26[−0.76, 0.24]	0.25	−0.04	0.00[−0.12, 0.12]	0.06	0.00	−0.04[−0.09, 0.01]	0.02	−0.07	−0.08[−0.45, 0.30]	0.19	−0.02	0.08[−0.24, 0.40]	0.16	0.02
Caregiver burden	0.08[0.06, 0.11]	0.01	0.31***	0.01[0.00, 0.01]	0.00	0.14**	0.00[−0.00, 0.00]	0.00	0.01	0.04[0.03, 0.06]	0.01	0.24***	0.05[0.04, 0.07]	0.01	0.30***
Agitated behaviours by CR	0.15[0.11, 0.19]	0.02	0.32***	0.03[0.02, 0.04]	0.01	0.26***	0.01[0.01, 0.01]	0.00	0.24***	0.04[0.01, 0.07]	0.02	0.13**	0.09[0.07, 0.12]	0.01	0.31***
Adjusted R²	0.304			0.114			0.058			0.121			0.267
F	41.340***			13.100***			6.849***			13.170***			34.740***
Model 3
Age	−0.05[−0.10, 0.00]	0.03	−0.10*	−0.01[−0.02, 0.01]	0.01	−0.06	−0.00[−0.01, 0.00]	0.00	−0.04	−0.06[−0.10, −0.01]	0.02	−0.14**	−0.01[−0.04, 0.02]	0.02	−0.03
Gender^a	−1.36[−2.26, −0.46]	0.46	−0.11**	−0.08[−0.30, 0.14]	0.11	−0.03	−0.03[−0.12, 0.06]	0.05	−0.03	−0.59[−1.29, 0.11]	0.36	−0.07	−0.58[−1.17, −0.00]	0.30	−0.08*
Relationship with CR^b	1.73[0.47, 3.00]	0.64	0.13**	0.34[0.03, 0.65]	0.16	0.11*	−0.01[−0.13, 0.12]	0.06	−0.00	0.29[−0.68, 1.25]	0.49	0.03	0.94[0.12, 1.75]	0.41	0.11*
Number of days living with CR	−0.18[−0.70, 0.34]	0.26	−0.03	0.01[−0.11, 0.14]	0.06	0.01	−0.04[−0.09, 0.01]	0.03	−0.08	−0.06[−0.44, 0.33[	0.20	0.01	0.12[−0.21, 0.45]	0.17	0.03
Caregiver burden	0.08[0.05, 1.00]	0.01	0.28***	0.01[0.00, 0.01]	0.00	0.13*	0.00[−0.00, 0.00]	0.00	−0.02	0.03[0.01, 0.05]	0.01	0.17***	0.05[0.03, 0.06]	0.01	0.27***
Agitated behaviours by CR	0.15[0.11, 0.19]	0.02	0.32***	0.03[0.02, 0.04]	0.01	0.27***	0.01[0.01, 0.01]	0.00	0.25***	0.04[0.02, 0.07]	0.02	0.14**	0.09[0.07, 0.12]	0.01	0.30***
Resilience	−0.08[−0.16, 0.00]	0.04	−0.10*	−0.02[−0.04, 0.00]	0.01	−0.12*	−0.01[−0.02, 0.00]	0.00	−0.18**	−0.12[−0.18, −0.05]	0.03	−0.21***	−0.03[−0.08, 0.02]	0.03	−0.06
Self−efficacy	0.07[−0.04, 0.19]	0.06	0.06	0.03[0.00, 0.06]	0.01	0.11*	0.01[−0.00, 0.02]	0.01	0.07	0.03[−0.06, 0.12]	0.05	0.04	−0.01[−0.08, 0.06]	0.04	−0.01
Emotional social support	0.04[−0.07, 0.14]	0.06	0.04	0.00[−0.02. 0.03]	0.01	0.01	0.00[−0.01, 0.01]	0.01	0.00	−0.01[−0.09, 0.07]	0.04	−0.02	−0.04[−0.11, 0.03]	0.04	−0.06
Instrumental social support	−0.06[−0.14, 0.03]	0.04	−0.08	−0.01[−0.03, 0.02]	0.01	−0.03	0.00[−0.01, 0.01]	0.00	0.05	0.00[−0.06, 0.07]	0.03	0.01	0.00[−0.05, 0.06]	0.03	0.01
Adjusted R²	0.307			0.117			0.069			0.149			0.270
F	25.240***			8.366***			5.131***			10.100***			21.290***

Notes:

CR = Care recipient; B = unstandardised beta; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval; SE = standard error of B; β = standardised beta; a Gender: female (referent group). b Relationship with care recipient: relationship other than spouse or partner (referent group); *p < 0.05. **p < 0.01. ***p < 0.001

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