Table I Motive and strategy in... | Emerald Publishing

Table I

Motive and strategy in approaches to learning and studying

Approach	Motive	Strategy
SA: Surface	Surface Motive (SM) is instrumental: main purpose is to meet requirements minimally: a balance between working too hard and failing	Surface Strategy (SS) is reproductive: limit target to bare essentials and reproduce through rote learning
DA: Deep	Deep Motive (DM) is intrinsic: study to actualize interest and competence in particular academic subjects	Deep Strategy (DS) is meaningful: read widely, interrelate with previous relevant knowledge
AA: Achieving	Achieving Motive (AM) is based on competition and ego-enhancement obtain highest grades, whether or not material is interesting	Achieving Strategy (AS) is based on organizing one's time and working space: behave as “model student”

Approach	Motive	Strategy
SA: Surface	Surface Motive (SM) is instrumental: main purpose is to meet requirements minimally: a balance between working too hard and failing	Surface Strategy (SS) is reproductive: limit target to bare essentials and reproduce through rote learning
DA: Deep	Deep Motive (DM) is intrinsic: study to actualize interest and competence in particular academic subjects	Deep Strategy (DS) is meaningful: read widely, interrelate with previous relevant knowledge
AA: Achieving	Achieving Motive (AM) is based on competition and ego-enhancement obtain highest grades, whether or not material is interesting	Achieving Strategy (AS) is based on organizing one's time and working space: behave as “model student”

Source(s): Biggs (1987), p. 11