Table I The main VBDs control strategies... | Emerald Publishing

Table I

The main VBDs control strategies in Nepal and effectiveness

VBDs and control strategy duration	Target	Control strategies and intervention	Effectiveness/outcome
Malaria (strategic duration: 1998–2016)	Malaria elimination from Nepal by 2026 Zero death due to malaria by 2015[20] Reduction of locally transmitted malaria incidence by 90% of current levels (2010) by 2016[21]	Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (EDPT) Use RDT kits for diagnosis Prescribe artemether combination with lumefantrine for falciparum malaria treatment and chloroquine combination with primaquine for vivax malaria	Malaria suspected cases accessed by a microscope or RDT diagnosis was 56% in 2010[21] Malaria confirmed cases received appropriated treatment was 100% in 2010[21] Total malaria cases in 2016 reduced about 90% of case numbers in 1998 and 75% of cases number in 2010 No death case since 2012
		Vector control Perform IRS to control vector Distribute LLINTs to protect mosquito’s bite	Yearly IRS Household was90% in 2009[21] The distribution of around 5 million LLINs in endemic areas[22]
		Improvement of health personnel skill Set up yearly training for all stakeholders involved in malaria control to up-date malaria control techniques	Staff received adequate necessary training Reliability and precision of data collection, as well as case management, are improved
Kala-azar (strategic duration: 1998–2016)	Reduction of the annual Kala-azar incidence and the fatality rate to be less than 1 case per 10,000 populations at the district level to less than 1 percent by the end of 2015	Early diagnosis and complete treatment Provide RDT kits for diagnosis Prescribe Miltefosine combination with liposomal amphotericin B for treatment	Kala-azar incidence and the fatality rate was less than 1 case per 10,000 populations at the district level to less than 1 percent since 2012
		Vector control Perform IRS to control vector and distribute LLINTs to protect sandflies’ bite	Kala-azar vector, sandflies, is controlled. People are safe from sandflies’ bite
		Social mobilization and partnership building Set up activities to promote collaboration at all local and national levels for disease control	People can exchange information, respond to questions and doubts, convince and motivate others to adopt certain behavioral practices[22]
Lymphatic filariasis (strategic duration: 2003–2016)	MDA covered in all endemic districts by 2014 Elimination of lymphatic filariasis from public health problem by 2020[23]	Mass drug administration Launch MDA by giving DEC and albendazole to the population living in endemic districts for prophylaxis Prescribe of DEC and albendazole for treatment	Achievement of 100% geographical MDA coverage in 2013 and all will complete the 6 rounds of MDA cycle by 2018
		Morbidity management and disability prevention Provide home-based self-care by people living with lymphedema and elephantiasis Provide hospital-based management and surgical corrections of hydroceles	All health workers were trained on patient self-care in morbidity mapped districts, Saptari and Okhaldhunga[22] The lymphatic filariasis cases received proper management. Total of 2,172 hydrocele surgeries have been performed during 2016–2017[22]
		Post-MDA surveillance Perform transmission assessment survey (TAS)	Total of 25 districts completion of 6 rounds of MDA passed TAS
Dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever (strategic duration: 2007–2016)	Reduction of the burden of Dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever[24]	Early case detection Perform active surveillance for searching for new cases	The cases reported in 2015 decreased by 38% compared to 2014 and by over 55% compared to 2013 Only one death in 2015 No record of dengue fever outbreak since 2014
		Integrated vector control Apply several approaches to reduce vector such as identification and surveillance of transmitted vector and elimination of breeding source	Aedes aegipti was identified as mosquito vector which has been searched and destroyed from the endemic districts

VBDs and control strategy duration	Target	Control strategies and intervention	Effectiveness/outcome
Malaria (strategic duration: 1998–2016)	Malaria elimination from Nepal by 2026Zero death due to malaria by 2015[20]Reduction of locally transmitted malaria incidence by 90% of current levels (2010) by 2016[21]	Early diagnosis and prompt treatment (EDPT) Use RDT kits for diagnosis Prescribe artemether combination with lumefantrine for falciparum malaria treatment and chloroquine combination with primaquine for vivax malaria	Malaria suspected cases accessed by a microscope or RDT diagnosis was 56% in 2010[21]Malaria confirmed cases received appropriated treatment was 100% in 2010[21]Total malaria cases in 2016 reduced about 90% of case numbers in 1998 and 75% of cases number in 2010No death case since 2012
		Vector control Perform IRS to control vector Distribute LLINTs to protect mosquito’s bite	Yearly IRS Household was90% in 2009[21]The distribution of around 5 million LLINs in endemic areas[22]
		Improvement of health personnel skill Set up yearly training for all stakeholders involved in malaria control to up-date malaria control techniques	Staff received adequate necessary trainingReliability and precision of data collection, as well as case management, are improved
Kala-azar (strategic duration: 1998–2016)	Reduction of the annual Kala-azar incidence and the fatality rate to be less than 1 case per 10,000 populations at the district level to less than 1 percent by the end of 2015	Early diagnosis and complete treatment Provide RDT kits for diagnosis Prescribe Miltefosine combination with liposomal amphotericin B for treatment	Kala-azar incidence and the fatality rate was less than 1 case per 10,000 populations at the district level to less than 1 percent since 2012
		Vector control Perform IRS to control vector and distribute LLINTs to protect sandflies’ bite	Kala-azar vector, sandflies, is controlled.People are safe from sandflies’ bite
		Social mobilization and partnership building Set up activities to promote collaboration at all local and national levels for disease control	People can exchange information, respond to questions and doubts, convince and motivate others to adopt certain behavioral practices[22]
Lymphatic filariasis (strategic duration: 2003–2016)	MDA covered in all endemic districts by 2014Elimination of lymphatic filariasis from public health problem by 2020[23]	Mass drug administration Launch MDA by giving DEC and albendazole to the population living in endemic districts for prophylaxis Prescribe of DEC and albendazole for treatment	Achievement of 100% geographical MDA coverage in 2013 and all will complete the 6 rounds of MDA cycle by 2018
		Morbidity management and disability prevention Provide home-based self-care by people living with lymphedema and elephantiasis Provide hospital-based management and surgical corrections of hydroceles	All health workers were trained on patient self-care in morbidity mapped districts, Saptari and Okhaldhunga[22]The lymphatic filariasis cases received proper management. Total of 2,172 hydrocele surgeries have been performed during 2016–2017[22]
		Post-MDA surveillance Perform transmission assessment survey (TAS)	Total of 25 districts completion of 6 rounds of MDA passed TAS
Dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever (strategic duration: 2007–2016)	Reduction of the burden of Dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever[24]	Early case detection Perform active surveillance for searching for new cases	The cases reported in 2015 decreased by 38% compared to 2014 and by over 55% compared to 2013Only one death in 2015No record of dengue fever outbreak since 2014
		Integrated vector control Apply several approaches to reduce vector such as identification and surveillance of transmitted vector and elimination of breeding source	Aedes aegipti was identified as mosquito vector which has been searched and destroyed from the endemic districts

Notes: RDT, rapid diagnostic test; IRS, indoor residual spraying; LLINTs, long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets; MDA, mass drug administration; DEC, diethylcarbamazine