Main theoretical approaches
| Authors | Quadruple helix | Quintuple helix | Incubators or Technology Parks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Schoonmaker and Carayannis (2013) | X | – | X |
| Mulyaningsih (2015) | X | – | X |
| Pascoal and Cabrita (2016) | X | – | X |
| McAdam et al. (2016) | X | – | X |
| Bikse et al. (2016) | – | X | X |
| Campanella et al. (2017) | X | – | X |
| Laguna and Durán-Romero (2017) | – | X | X |
| Machado et al. (2018) | X | X | X |
| Authors | Quadruple helix | Quintuple helix | Incubators or Technology Parks |
|---|---|---|---|
| X | – | X | |
| X | – | X | |
| X | – | X | |
| X | – | X | |
| – | X | X | |
| X | – | X | |
| – | X | X | |
| X | X | X |
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