Table 4.

Summary of the methodology used

AuthorsMethodologyResearch object
Schoonmaker and Carayannis (2013) Case study (qualitative)An incubator in Maryland (USA), a park in Portugal and an “industry network” in Greece
Mulyaningsih (2015) Case study (qualitative)Two incubators in Indonesia
Creative Community Association (CCA)
Community Development Center (CDC)
Pascoal and Cabrita (2016) Theoretical essayScience parks
McAdam et al. (2016) Case study (qualitative)Two university incubators in the UK, one traditional and one virtual
Bikse et al. (2016) Survey80 managers of incubated firms
Campanella et al. (2017) Survey4,215 companies located in STPs of 12 European countries
Laguna and Durán-Romero (2017) Case study (multiple)12 STPs in Spain
Machado et al. (2018) Theoretical essayScience parks

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