Table 7.

Additional contributions from QQH

AuthorsAdditional contributions from QQH
Schoonmaker and Carayannis (2013) The authors used two methods to understand the structure of Mode 3 of the quadruple helix: to model the involvement of all actors in the quadruple helix, together with the corresponding modes – Mode 1, Mode 2 and Mode 3 (this is where the quadruple helix is); to evaluate the quadruple helix according to the structure of critical success factors (R&D sources, access to funding and support programs), offered to new firms inside a regional innovation network
Mulyaningsih (2015) The CCA case identified some factors on the role of the quadruple helix.
(1) the starter of the innovation process is the community, which plays the main role as owner of the whole innovation process;
(2) the main objective of its innovation activity is to provide talented and productive people with an innovation ecosystem for designing new products, especially of ICT; its operation carries out programs to improve the capacity of its members with managerial training for the advanced start-up business; and
(3) the type of innovation is incremental, related to the need of its user or customer
On the other hand, the CDC center plays a role in facilitating communities’ building, dividing its action in three main programs: access community, content community and community development
McAdam et al. (2016) Although recognizing the importance of the quadruple helix, some factors highlight the difficulties for the helices to interact, such as:
(i) the institutional and organizational context of the university, which can prevent industry and end users from being considered as partners;
(ii) geographic location in a peripheral region; and
(iii) the lack of financial incentives to encourage collaboration among the actors
Laguna and Durán-Romero (2017) The authors used a theoretical model to analyze the sustainability of STPs, focusing on four pillars:
(1) strategic management of sustainability;
(2) specialization in sustainability;
(3) environmental consciousness; and
(4) associates’ sustainable entrepreneurship

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