Table S8

Heterogeneity analysis of pre-post changes in psychological well-being: coefficient estimates for interaction terms of moderators × time predicting changes in well-being outcomes

Self-concept clarityPurpose in lifePersonal growthPerceived stressPerceived health
Predictor Interacted with Time Dummy
Age0.00−0.010.00−0.010.00
(0.00)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)
Female vs Male0.03−0.020.010.010.02
(0.08)(0.08)(0.09)(0.09)(0.08)
White vs Other−0.05−0.04−0.070.09−0.02
(0.07)(0.08)(0.08)(0.07)(0.06)
Black vs Other−0.16−0.10−0.13−0.05−0.00
(0.13)(0.14)(0.16)(0.14)(0.12)
Asian vs Other0.20'0.190.12−0.23**0.06
(0.10)(0.12)(0.13)(0.11)(0.10)
Hispanic vs Other0.03−0.090.020.120.01
(0.11)(0.13)(0.14)(0.12)(0.11)
Income (log)−0.14**−0.09−0.12'0.16**−0.01
(0.06)(0.06)(0.07)(0.07)(0.06)
% Leadership0.00−0.000.000.000.00
(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)(0.00)
Public Administration−0.010.150.22**−0.070.18'
(0.09)(0.10)(0.11)(0.11)(0.10)
Tenure (log)−0.01−0.03−0.040.05−0.07'
(0.04)(0.04)(0.05)(0.04)(0.04)
Extraversion−0.04−0.04−0.070.040.01
(0.04)(0.05)(0.05)(0.04)(0.04)
Agreeableness0.04−0.03−0.070.05−0.06
(0.06)(0.07)(0.08)(0.06)(0.06)
Conscientiousness−0.16***−0.09−0.14**0.16***0.01
(0.06)(0.06)(0.07)(0.06)(0.05)
Emotional Variability0.080.030.03−0.16****−0.02
(0.04)(0.05)(0.06)(0.05)(0.04)
Openness−0.10−0.04−0.090.07−0.02
(0.06)(0.07)(0.07)(0.06)(0.06)
Length of Follow-Up−0.01−0.02***−0.02****0.05****−0.01
(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)(0.01)

Note(s): All predictors were interacted with a time dummy (=1 if post-program and = 0 if pre-program). Random-intercept models were used in all outcomes except stress, for which a model with random intercept + slope was used. Standard errors are reported in parenthesis. Stars denote levels of statistical significance:'.10, ** 0.05, *** 0.01., ****.001. Excluding Sample 3 and 4 showed that for higher income individuals, self-concept clarity increased less (βinteraction = −0.24, p = 0.003, %95 CI = [−0.391, −0.082]) but changes in stress did not differ (βinter = 0.07, p = 0.438, %95 CI = [−0.105, 0.242]). Higher conscientiousness was also associated with smaller changes in self-concept clarity (βinteraction = −0.15, p = 0.013, %95 CI = [−0.267, −0.031]) and perceived stress (βinteraction = 0.16, p = 0.011, %95 CI = [0.037, 0.279]), but only marginally for personal growth (βinteraction = −0.13, p = 0.099, %95 CI = [−0.285, 0.024]). The differences in growth per public administration was not significant (βinteraction = 0.12, p = 0.350, %95 CI = [−0.126, 0.355]). Similarly, differences in stress per Asian was only marginally significant (βinteraction = −0.23, p = 0.073, %95 CI = [−0.480, 0.021]). Individuals with higher emotional variability reported larger reductions in stress (βinteraction = −0.17, p = 0.001, %95 CI = [−0.269, −0.068]). For purpose in life (βinteraction = −0.04, p = 0.022, %95 CI = [−0.080, −0.006]) and stress (βinteraction = 0.09, p = 0.003, %95 CI = [0.030, 0.145]) but only marginally for personal growth (βinteraction = −0.04, p = 0.099, %95 CI = [−0.076, 0.007]) the changes became smaller in magnitude as the follow-up period increased

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