Heterogeneity analysis of pre-post changes in psychological well-being: coefficient estimates for interaction terms of moderators × time predicting changes in well-being outcomes
| Self-concept clarity | Purpose in life | Personal growth | Perceived stress | Perceived health | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictor Interacted with Time Dummy | |||||
| Age | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Female vs Male | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.08) | |
| White vs Other | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.02 |
| (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.06) | |
| Black vs Other | −0.16 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.00 |
| (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.12) | |
| Asian vs Other | 0.20' | 0.19 | 0.12 | −0.23** | 0.06 |
| (0.10) | (0.12) | (0.13) | (0.11) | (0.10) | |
| Hispanic vs Other | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.01 |
| (0.11) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.12) | (0.11) | |
| Income (log) | −0.14** | −0.09 | −0.12' | 0.16** | −0.01 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | |
| % Leadership | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Public Administration | −0.01 | 0.15 | 0.22** | −0.07 | 0.18' |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.10) | |
| Tenure (log) | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.07' |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Extraversion | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Agreeableness | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.05 | −0.06 |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
| Conscientiousness | −0.16*** | −0.09 | −0.14** | 0.16*** | 0.01 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.05) | |
| Emotional Variability | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.16**** | −0.02 |
| (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Openness | −0.10 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.07 | −0.02 |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
| Length of Follow-Up | −0.01 | −0.02*** | −0.02**** | 0.05**** | −0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Self-concept clarity | Purpose in life | Personal growth | Perceived stress | Perceived health | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
| Female vs Male | 0.03 | −0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.02 |
| (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.09) | (0.09) | (0.08) | |
| White vs Other | −0.05 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.02 |
| (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.08) | (0.07) | (0.06) | |
| Black vs Other | −0.16 | −0.10 | −0.13 | −0.05 | −0.00 |
| (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.16) | (0.14) | (0.12) | |
| Asian vs Other | 0.20' | 0.19 | 0.12 | −0.23** | 0.06 |
| (0.10) | (0.12) | (0.13) | (0.11) | (0.10) | |
| Hispanic vs Other | 0.03 | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.01 |
| (0.11) | (0.13) | (0.14) | (0.12) | (0.11) | |
| Income (log) | −0.14** | −0.09 | −0.12' | 0.16** | −0.01 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | |
| % Leadership | 0.00 | −0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | (0.00) | |
| Public Administration | −0.01 | 0.15 | 0.22** | −0.07 | 0.18' |
| (0.09) | (0.10) | (0.11) | (0.11) | (0.10) | |
| Tenure (log) | −0.01 | −0.03 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.07' |
| (0.04) | (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Extraversion | −0.04 | −0.04 | −0.07 | 0.04 | 0.01 |
| (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.05) | (0.04) | (0.04) | |
| Agreeableness | 0.04 | −0.03 | −0.07 | 0.05 | −0.06 |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.08) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
| Conscientiousness | −0.16*** | −0.09 | −0.14** | 0.16*** | 0.01 |
| (0.06) | (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.05) | |
| Emotional Variability | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.16**** | −0.02 |
| (0.04) | (0.05) | (0.06) | (0.05) | (0.04) | |
| Openness | −0.10 | −0.04 | −0.09 | 0.07 | −0.02 |
| (0.06) | (0.07) | (0.07) | (0.06) | (0.06) | |
| Length of Follow-Up | −0.01 | −0.02*** | −0.02**** | 0.05**** | −0.01 |
| (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | (0.01) | |
Note(s): All predictors were interacted with a time dummy (=1 if post-program and = 0 if pre-program). Random-intercept models were used in all outcomes except stress, for which a model with random intercept + slope was used. Standard errors are reported in parenthesis. Stars denote levels of statistical significance:'.10, ** 0.05, *** 0.01., ****.001. Excluding Sample 3 and 4 showed that for higher income individuals, self-concept clarity increased less (βinteraction = −0.24, p = 0.003, %95 CI = [−0.391, −0.082]) but changes in stress did not differ (βinter = 0.07, p = 0.438, %95 CI = [−0.105, 0.242]). Higher conscientiousness was also associated with smaller changes in self-concept clarity (βinteraction = −0.15, p = 0.013, %95 CI = [−0.267, −0.031]) and perceived stress (βinteraction = 0.16, p = 0.011, %95 CI = [0.037, 0.279]), but only marginally for personal growth (βinteraction = −0.13, p = 0.099, %95 CI = [−0.285, 0.024]). The differences in growth per public administration was not significant (βinteraction = 0.12, p = 0.350, %95 CI = [−0.126, 0.355]). Similarly, differences in stress per Asian was only marginally significant (βinteraction = −0.23, p = 0.073, %95 CI = [−0.480, 0.021]). Individuals with higher emotional variability reported larger reductions in stress (βinteraction = −0.17, p = 0.001, %95 CI = [−0.269, −0.068]). For purpose in life (βinteraction = −0.04, p = 0.022, %95 CI = [−0.080, −0.006]) and stress (βinteraction = 0.09, p = 0.003, %95 CI = [0.030, 0.145]) but only marginally for personal growth (βinteraction = −0.04, p = 0.099, %95 CI = [−0.076, 0.007]) the changes became smaller in magnitude as the follow-up period increased
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