Historical evolution of international business thought
| Evolution of the construct | ||
|---|---|---|
| Period | Stage of evolution | Characteristics |
| 1880s | The firm | Domestic/International reach through export (Cyert and March, 1963; Johanson and Vahlne, 1977; Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul, 1975; Kogut and Singh, 1988; Penrose, 1959 etc.) |
| 1960s | The multinational enterprise – MNE | Centralised headquarters/Localised national or regional operations/Foreign direct investment – FDI (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992; Buckley and Casson, 1976; Dunning, 1980; Dunning, 1998; Ghoshal and Bartlett, 1990; Knickerbocker, 1973; Rugman and Verbeke, 2004; Vernon, 1971 etc.) |
| 1970s | The transnational enterprise – TNE | Centralised headquarters/Assumptions of no borders (Skully, 1976; Stewart, 1972 etc.) |
| 1990s | Globalisation | No borders, international workforce, global supply chains, etc. (Maruca, 1994; Shenkar, 2004 etc.) |
| 2000s | Bilateral and multilateral trade | Trade between states, trade blocs, treaties, customs unions, etc. (Czinkota et al., 2002; Kameda, 2005 etc.) |
| Evolution of the construct | ||
|---|---|---|
| Period | Stage of evolution | Characteristics |
| 1880s | The firm | Domestic/International reach through export ( |
| 1960s | The multinational enterprise – MNE | Centralised headquarters/Localised national or regional operations/Foreign direct investment – FDI ( |
| 1970s | The transnational enterprise – TNE | Centralised headquarters/Assumptions of no borders ( |
| 1990s | Globalisation | No borders, international workforce, global supply chains, etc. ( |
| 2000s | Bilateral and multilateral trade | Trade between states, trade blocs, treaties, customs unions, etc. ( |
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