Table 2

Methodological approach

Literature review approach
The international business landscapeExplanation and notable scholarly contributions
Evolution of IBIB has evolved from an area that discusses the firm to one that looks at trading relations between countriesEvolution begins with the firm followed by the MNE, TNE, globalisation, bilateral and multilateral trade (Table 1) (Agarwal and Ramaswami, 1992; Cyert and March, 1963; Czinkota et al., 2002; Dunning, 1980; Johanson and Vahlne, 1990; Penrose, 1959; Shenkar, 2004; Skully, 1976 etc.)
Firm-level paradigmsExtension paradigm – broadening of a firm’s activities across national bordersBuckley and Casson (1976) – The future of the firm
Barney (1991) – Firm resources and competitive advantage
Cyert and March (1963) – Behaviour of firms
Johanson and Wiedersheim-Paul (1975) – Internalisation of the firm
Johanson and Vahlne (1977) – Mechanism of internalisation
Penrose (1959) – The growth of the firm
Sullivan (1994) – Measuring the degree of a firm’s internalisation
Agarwal and Ramaswami (1992) – Choice of foreign market entry
Vernon (1971) – Multinational spread of the firm
Kogut and Zander (1993) –Knowledge of the firm/MNE evolution etc
Cross-border paradigm – Challenges faced by firms as they cross bordersBartlett and Ghoshal (1989) – Managing across borders
Rugman and Verbeke (2004) – Regional and global MNE strategies
Skully (1976) – The TNE and its prospects
Kogut and Singh (1988) – National culture and foreign entry mode
Maruca (1994) – The right way to go global
Nayyar (1978) – Manufacturing exports to poor countries
Knickerbocker (1973) – Oligopolistic reaction to the MNE etc
Eclectic paradigm – Ownership, location and internalisation advantagesDunning (2000) – Ownership, location and internalisation framework
Dunning (1998) – Location of the multinational enterprise neglected
Dunning (1980) – International production
Dunning (2006) – Development of the MNE, etc.
Emerging paradigmNew thinking in IB researchBuckley and Lessard (2005) – Regain the edge of IB research
Buckley et al. (2017) – A renaissance in IB research
Buckley (2002) – IB running out of steam
Buckley and Casson (2021) – The state of IB research
Cavusgil et al. (2015) – New realities in IB research
Cerar et al. (2021) – Weaknesses in IB methodology
Czinkota and Ronkainen (1997) – The future of IB research
Eden and Nielsen (2020) – Methodologies in IB
Griffith et al. (2008) – Emerging themes in IB research
Fruin (2007) – Bring the world back into IB
Marcos (2010) – The future of IB
Toyne and Nigh (1998) – An expansive view of IB
Sullivan and Daniels (2008) – Innovation in IB research
Shenkar (2004) – IB in a global economy
Peng (2004) – The big question in IB research
Synthesis of the literature and gap analysis
Gaps in IB researchIn-depth analysis of literature on evolution of IB and paradigms to denote gaps
  • ✓ Presentation of literature gaps, methodological gaps and new realities based on the evolution and paradigms

  • ✓ Identification of key areas for further research

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