Summary of OT programs characteristics and key results from 15 studies
| Article citation | Programs | Intervention protocol | Evaluations | Main findings | Types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akbarfahimi et al. (2020) | Occupational therapy-based sleep interventions | 8 sessions (one session: 30–45 min) | PSQI, FIS, FSS, SF-36 | CAU plus intervention group Sleep quality (p < 0.001) PSQI (p < 0.001, d = 0.60) FIS (p < 0.001, d = 0.82) FSS (p < 0.001, d = 0.76) SF-36 (p < 0.001) | FTF |
| Asih et al. (2014) | Medically supervised + Quantitatively directed exercise program + Multimodal disability management program | Complete 160 hours, for 4–8 hours per day Duration: 4–8 weeks | ISI, PVAS, BDI, PDQ, ODI, Opioid, antidepressant, and sedative use, outcomes with socioeconomic relevance | Decrease in insomnia prevalence (z = −9.3, p < 0.001/53.4% had moved to a lesser insomnia category) All psychosocial patient-reported scores improved significantly between admission and discharge in all insomnia groups (p < 0.001) Decrease in drug use: Opioids (χ2 = 26.09, p = 0.01), sedatives (χ2 = 20.43, p < 0.001) and antidepressants (χ2 = 14.01, p = 0.002) Differences in work retention (χ2 = 19.27, p < 0.001/SCI group was 10.4 times less likely to retain work than the NCSI group) | FTF |
| Bolic Baric et al. (2021) | Weighted blankets | 78% used the weighted blanket every night, and 24% used the weighted blanket during the day for activities. | Daily activities (evening routines and morning routines) | Improved their daily routines, especially during the evening and in the morning (45%) Improved preparing/going to sleep (68.8%) Improvements in sleeping through the night (81%) Improved waking up in the morning (26.5%) Improved performance of activities at work or in school/education (16.5%) | NFTF |
| Cheng et al. (2017) | Oral-pharyngeal motor training | 8 weeks (10 sessions, one session: 45 min) | NOT-S, IOPI | Tongue strength (p = 0.018), tongue endurance (p = 0.203), NOT-S (p = 0.026) | Non-FTF |
| Frazzitta et al. (2015) | Physical therapy + Occupational therapy | 4 weeks (3 sessions (PT, two sessions/OT, one session) in day per week, one session: 60 min) | UPDRS, PDSS | UPDRS III (p < 0.0001)/UPDRS II (p < 0.0001) PDSS: Group (p = 0.88); Time (p < 0.0001); Time x Group (p < 0.0001) | FTF |
| Gee et al. (2016) | Weighted blankets | 2 weeks (used weighted blankets for fourteen consecutive nights) | SPM, CSHQ | Time to fall asleep: minimal effect Number of waking: habituate to the weighted blanket Hours of sleep: increase and stability Morning mood: worsening | Non-FTF |
| Gutman et al. (2017) | Dreampad pillow + iRest meditation | 2 hours at bedtime (pillow) + 20 min before bed (meditation) Duration: 2 weeks | GSDS, PSQI, AntiGraph accelerometer, Sleep journal | Length of time asleep: Exp. group (p < 0.006, d = 1.87)/Con. group (p < 0.03, d = 1.80) (ActiGraph data: p < 0.02, d = 1.29/ p < 0.03, d = 2.37) Number of nighttime awakening: Exp. group (p < 0.04, d = −1.53)/Con. group (p < 0.004, d = −1.43) (ActiGraph data: p < 0.02, d = −1.12/p < 0.04, d = −1.47) | Non-FTF |
| Joseph (2018) | Occupational therapy (group OT + 1:1 OT) | 8 weeks (7 group sessions + 1 individual session) | PIRS, HAM-A | PIRS(within group: p < 0.05, between group: p < 0.05) | FTF |
| Kurasawa et al. (2020) | Miniku(sleep education) | Two lectures (one lecture: 45 min) | JSQ-ES | The JSQ-ES scores (lower grade (p = 0.780), higher grade (p = 0.458)) Daytime excessive sleepiness in higher grade decreased (p = 0.039), and poor sleep habits were improved (p = 0.063) | FTF |
| Lawson and Little (2017) | Sensory enhanced aquatics | 8 weeks (30 min per a week) | SRS-2, SPCQ, CSHQ, PSQ | 4/10 children showed improvements in sleep behavior (mean = −0.375, SD = 1.25, range =−2.0 to −5.0) 5/10 children showed increased sleep disturbance postintervention (mean increase = 3.33; SD = 2.16; range = 2.0 to 5.0) | FTF |
| Leland et al. (2016) | Occupational based intervention | Ten sessions (one session: 120 min) | Nighttime sleep duration, napping and nap duration, total time spent sleeping | No longer napped group (p < 0.05) Intervention group: Increase of 9 min of total sleep (control group: decrease of total sleep) | FTF |
| McGhee et al. (2021) | Touchpoints Basic Sleep Kit | 10 days (30 min before bedtime each night) | SSP, CSWS, ActiGraph, Sleep diary | AntiGraph (sleep duration (W = 0.203/number of nighttime awakenings (W = 0.028)/total sleep efficiency (W = 0.047)/sleep latency (W = 0.578)) CSWS(intervention, p = 0.037) and withdrawal, p = 0.803)/Going to Bed (W = 0.72), Maintaining Sleep (W = 0.87), and Total Score (W = 0.58)/Falling Asleep (W = 0.45) and Returning to Wakefulness (W = 0.47), Returning to Sleep (W = 0.10) | NFTF |
| Oh et al. (2016) | Respiration rehabilitation program | 12 weeks (3sessions per week, one session: 50 min) | FAI, PSQI | IADL (p < 0.05) PSQI (p < 0.001) | FTF |
| Sheth (2016) | Occupational therapy intervention (OT+education) | Presurgery to discharged from the hospital | RCSQ, SRDS, FIM | RCSQ was significantly higher than in the controls (p = 0.0006) experimental group improved quality (p = 0.0024) of sleep, decreased significantly (p = 0.04) in the control group. Postsurgery, experimental group reported better quantity of sleep (p = 0.0006) | FTF |
| Wan Yunus et al. (2020) | Xbox 360 Kinect with the choice of Kinect Sports 1 | 6 weeks (3 sessions per week, one session: 30 min) | DASS-21, FOSQ | FOSQ (within group: p = 0.011/within-between group: p = 0.013/d = 0.871) | FTF |
| Article citation | Programs | Intervention protocol | Evaluations | Main findings | Types |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Occupational therapy-based sleep interventions | 8 sessions (one session: 30–45 min) | PSQI, FIS, FSS, SF-36 | CAU plus intervention group | FTF | |
| Medically supervised + | Complete 160 hours, for 4–8 hours per day | ISI, PVAS, BDI, PDQ, ODI, Opioid, antidepressant, and sedative use, outcomes with socioeconomic relevance | Decrease in insomnia prevalence (z = −9.3, | FTF | |
| Weighted blankets | 78% used the weighted blanket every night, and 24% used the weighted blanket during the day for activities. | Daily activities (evening routines and morning routines) | Improved their daily routines, especially during the evening and in the morning (45%) | NFTF | |
| Oral-pharyngeal motor training | 8 weeks (10 sessions, one session: 45 min) | NOT-S, IOPI | Tongue strength ( | Non-FTF | |
| Physical therapy + Occupational therapy | 4 weeks (3 sessions (PT, two sessions/OT, one session) in day per week, one session: 60 min) | UPDRS, PDSS | UPDRS III ( | FTF | |
| Weighted blankets | 2 weeks (used weighted blankets for fourteen consecutive nights) | SPM, CSHQ | Time to fall asleep: minimal effect | Non-FTF | |
| Dreampad pillow + | 2 hours at bedtime (pillow) + 20 min before bed (meditation) | GSDS, PSQI, AntiGraph accelerometer, Sleep journal | Length of time asleep: Exp. group ( | Non-FTF | |
| Occupational therapy (group OT + 1:1 OT) | 8 weeks (7 group sessions + 1 individual session) | PIRS, HAM-A | PIRS(within group: | FTF | |
| Miniku(sleep education) | Two lectures (one lecture: 45 min) | JSQ-ES | The JSQ-ES scores (lower grade ( | FTF | |
| Sensory enhanced aquatics | 8 weeks (30 min per a week) | SRS-2, SPCQ, CSHQ, PSQ | 4/10 children showed improvements in sleep behavior (mean = −0.375, SD = 1.25, range =−2.0 to −5.0) | FTF | |
| Occupational based intervention | Ten sessions (one session: 120 min) | Nighttime sleep duration, napping and nap duration, total time spent sleeping | No longer napped group ( | FTF | |
| Touchpoints Basic Sleep Kit | 10 days (30 min before bedtime each night) | SSP, CSWS, ActiGraph, Sleep diary | AntiGraph (sleep duration (W = 0.203/number of nighttime awakenings (W = 0.028)/total sleep efficiency (W = 0.047)/sleep latency (W = 0.578)) | NFTF | |
| Respiration rehabilitation program | 12 weeks (3sessions per week, one session: 50 min) | FAI, PSQI | IADL ( | FTF | |
| Occupational therapy intervention | Presurgery to discharged from the hospital | RCSQ, SRDS, FIM | RCSQ was significantly higher than in the controls ( | FTF | |
| Xbox 360 Kinect with the choice of Kinect Sports 1 | 6 weeks (3 sessions per week, one session: 30 min) | DASS-21, FOSQ | FOSQ (within group: | FTF |
Notes:
BDI = Beck depression inventory; CAU = Care-as-usual; CSHQ = Children’s sleep habit questionnaire; CSWS = Children’s sleep wake scale; DASS-21 = Depression anxiety, and stress scale; Exp. = Experimental; FAI = Frenchay activity index; FIM = Functional independence measure; FIS = Fatigue impact scale; FSS = Fatigue severity scale; FTF = Face to face; FOSQ = Functional outcome sleep questionnaire; GSDS = General sleep disturbance scale; HAM-A = Hamilton anxiety scale; IADL = Instrumental activities of daily living; IOPI = Iowa oral pressure instrument; ISI = Insomnia severity index; JSQ-ES = Japanese sleep questionnaire for elementary schoolers; NFTF = Non-face to face; NOT-S = Nordic orofacial test-screening assessment; ODI = Oswestry disability index; PDQ = Pain disability questionnaire; PDSS = PD sleep scale; PIRS = Pittsburgh insomnia rating scale; PSQ = Parent satisfaction questionnaire; PSQI = Pittsburgh sleep quality index; PVAS = Pain visual analogue scale; RCSQ = Richards campbell sleep questionnaire; SF-36 = Short form health survey; SPCQ = Sensory profile caregiver questionnaire; SPM = Sensory processing measure; SRDS = Self-reported duration of sleep; SRS-2 = Social responsiveness scale; SSP-2 = Short sensory profile-version 2; UPDRS = Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale
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