Table 2. Poisson regression results for...

Table 2.

Poisson regression results for the moderating effects of culture on the relationship between stigma and entrepreneurial activity^a

DV: level of entrepreneurial activity^b	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Individualism*stigma		0.015*** [0.004]
Masculinity*stigma			−0.010*** [0.003]
Uncertainty avoidance*stigma				0.001 [0.005]
Power distance*stigma					−0.022*** [0.004]
Stigma	−0.009*** [0.003]	−0.017*** [0.003]	−0.011*** [0.004]	−0.010*** [0.003]	−0.022*** [0.003]
Individualism	−1.918*** [0.197]	−0.369 [0.426]	−1.739*** [0.164]	−1.922*** [0.194]	−2.055*** [0.161]
Masculinity	0.332*** [0.088]	0.392*** [0.083]	−0.613** [0.277]	0.330*** [0.089]	0.428*** [0.079]
Uncertainty avoidance	0.310* [0.169]	0.297* [0.152]	0.209 [0.175]	0.434 [0.621]	0.473*** [0.164]
Power distance	−2.183*** [0.196]	−2.134*** [0.172]	−1.766*** [0.199]	−2.201*** [0.228]	−4.542*** [0.507]
Time to discharge	0.016*** [0.004]	0.019*** [0.003]	0.014*** [0.003]	0.016*** [0.004]	0.022*** [0.003]
Environmental munificencea	0.063*** [0.018]	0.065*** [0.017]	0.059*** [0.016]	0.064*** [0.019]	0.061*** [0.016]
Legal system and property rights	0.037 [0.077]	0.110 [0.072]	0.043 [0.075]	0.028 [0.094]	0.208*** [0.069]
Credit market controls	−0.427*** [0.067]	−0.434*** [0.067]	−0.388*** [0.066]	−0.428*** [0.068]	−0.415*** [0.060]
Business regulation	0.011 [0.056]	−0.008 [0.058]	−0.007 [0.058]	0.011 [0.056]	−0.042 [0.060]
Proportion unemployed	1.260 [2.195]	1.696 [1.820]	2.571 [2.311]	1.397 [2.089]	0.255 [1.935]
Tax rates	0.036*** [0.006]	0.030*** [0.006]	0.034*** [0.005]	0.037*** [0.007]	0.021*** [0.006]
Total employed^b	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]
Constant	8.149*** [0.863]	7.097*** [0.713]	7.953*** [0.817]	8.158*** [0.878]	6.068*** [0.689]
Wald chi-square	798.99	698.63	820.59	781	794.6
Prob > chi-sq.	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Log pseudolikelihood	−18,746.613	−16,641.41	−17,402.19	−18,724.546	−15,901.712
Pseudo R²	0.793	0.816	0.808	0.793	0.824
No. of observations	138	138	138	138	138

DV: level of entrepreneurial activity^b	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 5
Individualism*stigma		0.015*** [0.004]
Masculinity*stigma			−0.010*** [0.003]
Uncertainty avoidance*stigma				0.001 [0.005]
Power distance*stigma					−0.022*** [0.004]
Stigma	−0.009*** [0.003]	−0.017*** [0.003]	−0.011*** [0.004]	−0.010*** [0.003]	−0.022*** [0.003]
Individualism	−1.918*** [0.197]	−0.369 [0.426]	−1.739*** [0.164]	−1.922*** [0.194]	−2.055*** [0.161]
Masculinity	0.332*** [0.088]	0.392*** [0.083]	−0.613** [0.277]	0.330*** [0.089]	0.428*** [0.079]
Uncertainty avoidance	0.310* [0.169]	0.297* [0.152]	0.209 [0.175]	0.434 [0.621]	0.473*** [0.164]
Power distance	−2.183*** [0.196]	−2.134*** [0.172]	−1.766*** [0.199]	−2.201*** [0.228]	−4.542*** [0.507]
Time to discharge	0.016*** [0.004]	0.019*** [0.003]	0.014*** [0.003]	0.016*** [0.004]	0.022*** [0.003]
Environmental munificencea	0.063*** [0.018]	0.065*** [0.017]	0.059*** [0.016]	0.064*** [0.019]	0.061*** [0.016]
Legal system and property rights	0.037 [0.077]	0.110 [0.072]	0.043 [0.075]	0.028 [0.094]	0.208*** [0.069]
Credit market controls	−0.427*** [0.067]	−0.434*** [0.067]	−0.388*** [0.066]	−0.428*** [0.068]	−0.415*** [0.060]
Business regulation	0.011 [0.056]	−0.008 [0.058]	−0.007 [0.058]	0.011 [0.056]	−0.042 [0.060]
Proportion unemployed	1.260 [2.195]	1.696 [1.820]	2.571 [2.311]	1.397 [2.089]	0.255 [1.935]
Tax rates	0.036*** [0.006]	0.030*** [0.006]	0.034*** [0.005]	0.037*** [0.007]	0.021*** [0.006]
Total employed^b	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]	−0.000*** [0.000]
Constant	8.149*** [0.863]	7.097*** [0.713]	7.953*** [0.817]	8.158*** [0.878]	6.068*** [0.689]
Wald chi-square	798.99	698.63	820.59	781	794.6
Prob > chi-sq.	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Log pseudolikelihood	−18,746.613	−16,641.41	−17,402.19	−18,724.546	−15,901.712
Pseudo R²	0.793	0.816	0.808	0.793	0.824
No. of observations	138	138	138	138	138

Notes:

Robust standard errors in brackets; ^bDV subtracted to avoid double counting; ***p < 0.01; **p < 0.05; *p < 0.1. ^aThe relative increases in environmental munificence (measured by GDP growth rate) would affect perceptions opportunity availability and potential slack resources to take advantage of them. Perceptions of increases in environmental munificence are more likely to stimulate entrepreneurial initiatives than absolute levels; ^bThis measure (i.e. individual self-employed) mitigates the risk of including forced enterprises that could be driven by different considerations

Source: Table by author Naga Lakshmi Damaraju

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