| Load estimation | Load estimation considering flow regime and blockage ratio | Alternative load estimations consider how fluid loads are affected by flow depth changes between the front and rear of the building (Cunningham et al., 2014; Foster et al., 2017; Pringgana et al., 2016). |
| Vertical distribution of lateral fluid pressure | Varying distributions exist in the literature (e.g. triangular or uniform distributions) which affect global and member design (Macabuag et al., 2014). |
| Time-dependent loads | The quasi-static tsunami loadings prescribed do not fully account for the transient nature of the actual load and impacted structure’s time-dependent response. Structural ductility, over-strength and dynamic properties play a central role in seismic design, and it is not clear if such considerations may have implications for tsunami design (Petrone et al., 2017). |
| Structural response | Dynamic structural response |
| Ductility and over-strength |
| Combination of seismic and tsunami loads | The combination of seismic and tsunami damage for near-field tsunami (Figure 3) may limit the capacity of the structure under tsunami loading, due to the cyclical degradation of structural materials loaded into the ductile range or damage to in-fill panels and stiffening elements, reducing capacity. Such effects are discussed in ASCE 7-16, but are yet to be quantified (e.g. Scott and Mason, 2017). |