Table II Intelligent materials, their... | Emerald Publishing

Table II

Intelligent materials, their fabrication methods and field applications

Intelligent materials	Fabrication methods	Applications
Shape memory materials
Thermoresponsive	Bonded together by the organic polymer point by point	Aerospace – space-deployable structures (Fulcher et al., 2010),
Thermoresponsive	Bonded together by the organic polymer point by point	Biomedicine – stimuli-sensitive implant materials (Lendlein and Kelch, 2005), textiles - smart clothing (Mondal and Hu, 2006), and automobiles - fastening system
Athermally induced	Photo-triggered – temporary shape is fixed by covalently crosslinking cinnamic groups under UV light of λ > 260 nm and the shape recovery is triggered by exposure to UV-light irradiations of λ < 260 nm and is water-sensitive – When the polymer system is exposed to water, deformation of the polymer composite into a temporary shape takes place. The shape fixing is done by subsequent drying	Biomedicine – endovascular thrombectomy device (Wu et al., 2010)
Self-assembly, self-actuating and self-sensing materials	Allows automated folding for assembly	Biological applications,
		Linear and rotary actuators,
		Touch screens,
		Underwater robots (Won et al., 2016), and biological imaging
Electroactive Polymer
IPMC	The Nafion solution and alcohol–water solution is mixed as precursor materials, and mixed liquid of Ag fine particles and Nafion solution is used as electrode materials of IPMC	Three-layered and five-layered IPMC structures
Bucky Gel	The electrode-base materials-electrode structure is solidified point by point accumulatively	A hand shape Bucky Gel
DE	Polyacrylic acid material is cured by UV light, then the surface of polyacrylic acid matrix material is coated with flexible electrode material	In the initial stage of development

Intelligent materials	Fabrication methods	Applications
Shape memory materials
Thermoresponsive	Bonded together by the organic polymer point by point	Aerospace – space-deployable structures (Fulcher et al., 2010),
Thermoresponsive	Bonded together by the organic polymer point by point	Biomedicine – stimuli-sensitive implant materials (Lendlein and Kelch, 2005), textiles - smart clothing (Mondal and Hu, 2006), and automobiles - fastening system
Athermally induced	Photo-triggered – temporary shape is fixed by covalently crosslinking cinnamic groups under UV light of λ > 260 nm and the shape recovery is triggered by exposure to UV-light irradiations of λ < 260 nm and is water-sensitive – When the polymer system is exposed to water, deformation of the polymer composite into a temporary shape takes place. The shape fixing is done by subsequent drying	Biomedicine – endovascular thrombectomy device (Wu et al., 2010)
Self-assembly, self-actuating and self-sensing materials	Allows automated folding for assembly	Biological applications,
		Linear and rotary actuators,
		Touch screens,
		Underwater robots (Won et al., 2016), and biological imaging
Electroactive Polymer
IPMC	The Nafion solution and alcohol–water solution is mixed as precursor materials, and mixed liquid of Ag fine particles and Nafion solution is used as electrode materials of IPMC	Three-layered and five-layered IPMC structures
Bucky Gel	The electrode-base materials-electrode structure is solidified point by point accumulatively	A hand shape Bucky Gel
DE	Polyacrylic acid material is cured by UV light, then the surface of polyacrylic acid matrix material is coated with flexible electrode material	In the initial stage of development