Reliability and validity of the research variables
| Constructs | AVE | CR | α |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human resource planning | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.84 |
| Job analysis and design | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.86 |
| Employee’s performance appraisal | 0.53 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
| Recruitment, selection and placement | 0.55 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
| Compensation and rewards | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
| Training and development | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
| Employee satisfaction | 0.50 | 0.80 | 0.83 |
| Cost advantage | 0.72 | 0.89 | 0.87 |
| Service variety advantage | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
| Service quality advantage | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
| Constructs | AVE | CR | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human resource planning | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.84 |
| Job analysis and design | 0.72 | 0.88 | 0.86 |
| Employee’s performance appraisal | 0.53 | 0.81 | 0.81 |
| Recruitment, selection and placement | 0.55 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
| Compensation and rewards | 0.73 | 0.91 | 0.92 |
| Training and development | 0.61 | 0.89 | 0.89 |
| Employee satisfaction | 0.50 | 0.80 | 0.83 |
| Cost advantage | 0.72 | 0.89 | 0.87 |
| Service variety advantage | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.85 |
| Service quality advantage | 0.69 | 0.92 | 0.92 |
Notes: AVE, average variance extracted; CR, composite reliability; α, Cronbach’s α