Extraction table of included articles
| Citation | Research aims | Context and sample | Core findings | Description of OT intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantitative papers | ||||
| Detweiler et al. (2015) | – To assess effects of horticulture vs OT[1] on cortisol levels, depression, PTSD[2] symptoms, alcohol cravings and QoL[3] | Inpatient 24 | - HT[4] and OT reduced stress - No significant difference between groups - Saliva cortisol comparison not possible as OT data un-useable - HT showed cortisol decrease from Week 1 to 3 but was not statistically significant | HT interventions - Gardening education - Garden management, planning & maintenance OT interventions - Crafts, ceramic painting and leather work - Model assembly and flower arranging |
| Peloquin and Ciro (2013a) | Analysis of client satisfaction and engagement - Examine variance in perceptions from PEO[5] focus - Determine how perceptions varied according to activity demand | Inpatient 1,488 surveys | - 97% satisfaction with group engagement - No significant variance in engagement in PEO focused groups - No significant variance according to activity demands so all groups deemed equally successful in engaging SU[6]s | - Self-development group - Motivational/didactic work and discussion - Creative activities on theme - Relaxation |
| Peloquin and Ciro (2013b) | Analysis of client satisfaction and perceived engagement - Examine variance in perceptions from PEO focus - Determine if perceptions varied according to activity demand | Inpatient 561 surveys | - 96.8% satisfaction with group engagement - No significant variance in engagement in PEO focused groups - No significant variance according to activity demands so all groups deemed to successfully engage SUs | - Living skills group - Relaxation - Skills development - Role plays - Task engagement |
| Qualitative papers | ||||
| Bell et al. (2015) | Explore adolescent’s perceptions and influence of OT input within addiction treatment | Inpatient 8 adolescents 1 adult key informant | - Role restoration and maintenance is vital - Facilitation of skills practice required - Highlights importance of SU perspective | - Leisure exploration - Vocational exploration - Communication and assertiveness skills - Arts and crafts |
| Godoy-Vieira et al. (2018) | -To analyse the practices of OTs in substance users’ healthcare, according to the purposes of their practice | Inpatient 9 OTs | - Clients are agents of transformation in health process - Creativity is a strong element of practice & underlies the therapeutic process - Conditions of social reproduction compose the object of OT - Two approaches informed by the labour-process purpose identified: 1) Inclusive 2) Emancipatory | - Creative activity practice and facilitation - Leisure exploration - Life skills practice - Goal setting - Community integration - Vocational exploration and skills development |
| Gutman (2006) | -Describe underlying neurochemical and genetic factors of addiction - Explore addiction treatment - Relate research to OT role in addiction | Inpatient 1 case study | - Neurological process of addiction should inform addiction treatment - OTs need to review the neurological underpinning of addiction & revise treatment accordingly - Document service effectiveness - Advocate OTs inclusion in addiction rehab | - Challenge distorted thinking to facilitate appropriate thinking on substance use implications - Craving management through education on sensory stimuli - Social reintegration - Leisure exploration - Role development - Time management - Stress management - Drug refusal practice |
| Lakshmanan (2014) | Case study description of OT intervention with SU experiencing substance dependence | Inpatient 1 | - Purposeful activity that contributes to the individual or society is acceptable work - Work is a critical component to recovery - OTs support task engagement & achievement resulting in the building of self-esteem, self-concept & routines | - Support participation in group programme - Yoga, gym attendance, participation in games - Drink refusal skills - Crafts - Provide work role within the treatment service - Support to build skill & establish a recovery routine - Gradual supported return to the community |
| Louie (2012) | Case study description of OT intervention with SU experiencing substance misuse | Outpatient 1 | - A multi-sector networking approach is vital to treat teens in addiction, to re-orientate them to meaningful activity & support development to ensure recovery | - OT screening included cognitive function, memory & fine motor skills assessment - Routine planning - Vocational exploration, planning and support |
| Peloquin (2010) | Describe OT intervention in women only residential treatment programme | Inpatient 12 | - OT is a good fit in residential addiction treatment - Clients identify success relies on recovering sober & satisfying routines - SUs identify OT supports hope & identify it as valuable within the programme | - Self Development - Didactic work - Creative activities - Relaxation - Living skills and goal settings - Schedule planning and task engagement - Skills development and role plays - Vocational exploration |
| Ribeiro et al. (2019) | Describe the role of OT in addiction rehabilitation in the named setting -Understand the SUs perceptions of the role of OT in addiction rehabilitation -Understand the perceptions of other team members of the role of OT in addiction rehabilitation | Community clinic 8 OTs N =2 SUs N =2 Psychologists N =3 Social Worker N =1 | - OTs identified as being supportive in areas of ADLs, IADLs, routine planning, leisure exploration, social participation, and cognitive rehabilitation - OT is unique in its approach to supporting SUs through use of meaningful occupation - Motivation and volition identified as being impacted positively by engagement in occupation which in turn support recovery - OT identified as profession that supports individuals to realise their unique potential | - Life skills development and practice - Leisure exploration - Facilitation of social participation - Routine exploration and development - Goal setting & motivation - Cognitive support |
| Roush (2008) | Discuss how OT intervention is supportive for treating SUs with dual diagnosis | Outpatient 1 case study | - OT play pivotal role in treatment of dual diagnosed as focus on occupational performance as recovery is supports through engagement in the community through meaningful engagement | - Development of occupational profile - Recovery lifestyle planning - Role development - Leisure participation - Social skills - Stress management - Time management - Life skills i.e. money management & ADL practice |
| Stevens (2003) | Describe OT intervention based on MOHO[7] with one SU[8] with dual diagnosis | Inpatient 1 case study | - Significant prevalence of dual diagnosis - Client centred focus important to facilitate recovery & community independence | - Leisure exploration - Vocational skills - Organisational skills and routine scheduling - Work project group - Assertiveness and communication - Community engagement |
| Tayar (2004) | Describe an OT & Psychology student co-facilitated relapse prevention intervention within a women’s prison | Prison service Unknown | - Feedback indicates SUs had positive experience - Inter-disciplinary working was positive for students | - Leisure exploration & engagement - Relaxation - Personal exploration - Vocational exploration - Life skills i.e. budgeting & skills-based role play - Routine planning and discharge preparation |
| Ussher et al. (2000) | Assess the effectiveness of physical intervention in community-based alcohol service | Outpatient - community 5 | - Intervention combining counselling, discussion, advice & supervised exercise had positive impact on participants - Participants changed many health orientated behaviours simultaneously - Co-facilitation was positive & OT saw potential use for exercise in relapse prevention | - Promoting fitness orientated physical activity - Exercise counselling - Goal setting and self-monitoring - Relapse prevention - Decision balance sheets |
| Mixed methods papers | ||||
| Boisvert et al. (2008) | Examine effectiveness of a peer support community model to address need for sustained recovery within a peer support housing facility | Peer support community house 10 | - Reduction in risk of relapse - Improvement in QoL rating - Qualitative evidence of improvements in perceived community affiliations and supportive behaviours | - Individual sessions on daily living skills - Group sessions on occupational performance - Facilitation of weekly group meetings at peer support community - Facilitate and support community development |
| Cardinale (2014) | Facilitate and explore the “Tree Theme Model” to empower and support mothers in recovery | Outpatient 3 adult mothers | - The “Tree Themed Model” shown to be therapeutic - Empowerment Programme successful in increasing personal growth initiatives for mothers in recovery | - Empowerment programme - Progressive relaxation - Facilitation and discussion on painting of a tree representing life, personality, occupation and interests - Engagement with self-help books |
| Darko-Mensah (2011) | Develop, implement and evaluate a group programme aimed to investigate productivity success | Integrated day/residential service 20 | - SUs can discover potential when a forum is provided to attend to productivity - Exploring vocational identity is an important component for inclusion in recovery services - OTs can contribute to the development of productivity focused recovery services | Vocational exploration - Creation of group resume - Completion of career inventory - Review client research in interest area - Goal setting |
| Wasmuth et al. (2016) | To explore the feasibility and acceptability of theatre as a community-engaging intervention for veterans experiencing substance use | 7 | - Providing theatre as opportunity for social and occupational participation may support OT outcomes in addiction recovery | - Facilitating participation and development of skills to participate in drama - Cognitive strategies - Discussions linking character and SU experience - Discussions focused on the impact of substance use on occupational engagement |
| Citation | Research aims | Context and sample | Core findings | Description of OT intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quantitative papers | ||||
| – To assess effects of horticulture vs OT[ | Inpatient | - HT[ | ||
| Analysis of client satisfaction and engagement | Inpatient | - 97% satisfaction with group engagement | - Self-development group | |
| Analysis of client satisfaction and perceived engagement | Inpatient | - 96.8% satisfaction with group engagement | - Living skills group | |
| Qualitative papers | ||||
| Explore adolescent’s perceptions and influence of OT input within addiction treatment | Inpatient | - Role restoration and maintenance is vital | - Leisure exploration | |
| -To analyse the practices of OTs in substance users’ healthcare, according to the purposes of their practice | Inpatient | - Clients are agents of transformation in health process | - Creative activity practice and facilitation | |
| -Describe underlying neurochemical and genetic factors of addiction | Inpatient | - Neurological process of addiction should inform addiction treatment | - Challenge distorted thinking to facilitate appropriate thinking on substance use implications | |
| Case study description of OT intervention with SU experiencing substance dependence | Inpatient | - Purposeful activity that contributes to the individual or society is acceptable work | - Support participation in group programme | |
| Case study description of OT intervention with SU experiencing substance misuse | Outpatient | - A multi-sector networking approach is vital to treat teens in addiction, to re-orientate them to meaningful activity & support development to ensure recovery | - OT screening included cognitive function, memory & fine motor skills assessment | |
| Describe OT intervention in women only residential treatment programme | Inpatient | - OT is a good fit in residential addiction treatment | - Self Development - Didactic work | |
| Describe the role of OT in addiction rehabilitation in the named setting | Community clinic | - OTs identified as being supportive in areas of ADLs, IADLs, routine planning, leisure exploration, social participation, and cognitive rehabilitation | - Life skills development and practice | |
| Discuss how OT intervention is supportive for treating SUs with dual diagnosis | Outpatient | - OT play pivotal role in treatment of dual diagnosed as focus on occupational performance as recovery is supports through engagement in the community through meaningful engagement | - Development of occupational profile | |
| Describe OT intervention based on MOHO[ | Inpatient | - Significant prevalence of dual diagnosis | - Leisure exploration | |
| Describe an OT & Psychology student co-facilitated relapse prevention intervention within a women’s prison | Prison service | - Feedback indicates SUs had positive experience | - Leisure exploration & engagement | |
| Assess the effectiveness of physical intervention in community-based alcohol service | Outpatient - community | - Intervention combining counselling, discussion, advice & supervised exercise had positive impact on participants | - Promoting fitness orientated physical activity | |
| Mixed methods papers | ||||
| Examine effectiveness of a peer support community model to address need for sustained recovery within a peer support housing facility | Peer support community house | - Reduction in risk of relapse | - Individual sessions on daily living skills | |
| Facilitate and explore the “Tree Theme Model” to empower and support mothers in recovery | Outpatient | - The “Tree Themed Model” shown to be therapeutic | - Empowerment programme | |
| Develop, implement and evaluate a group programme aimed to investigate productivity success | Integrated day/residential service | - SUs can discover potential when a forum is provided to attend to productivity | ||
| To explore the feasibility and acceptability of theatre as a community-engaging intervention for veterans experiencing substance use | 7 | - Providing theatre as opportunity for social and occupational participation may support OT outcomes in addiction recovery | - Facilitating participation and development of skills to participate in drama | |