Overview of the particle shape and size of common anode and cathode materials as well as conductive additives
| Material | Chemical formula | Particle shape X | Particle size d |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anode materials | |||
| Natural graphite | C | Flakes (Vanimisetti and Ramakrishnan, 2012) | 8–20 µm (d50) (Asenbauer et al., 2020) |
| Synthetic graphite | C | Spheres, fibers (Vanimisetti and Ramakrishnan, 2012) | 30–50 nm (Yoshio et al., 2009); 5–9 µm (Utsunomiya et al., 2011); 6–44 µm (Buqa et al., 2005); < 20 µm (Yoshio et al., 2009) |
| LTO | Li4Ti5O12 | Nanotubes (Ren et al., 2012), spheres (Ren et al., 2012) | 50–90 nm (Kraytsberg and Ein-Eli, 2016) |
| Sn | – | – | nm range (Korthauer, 2018); 2–5 nm (Wang et al., 2012); 5–10 nm (Ying and Han, 2017); 20–30 nm (Ying and Han, 2017) |
| Si | – | – | nm range (Korthauer, 2018); 20–50 nm (Keller et al., 2021); 100 nm (Zhu et al., 2019) |
| Cathode materials | |||
| Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) | LiFePO4 | Commonly spheres (Gulbinska, 2014), flakes | 60–100 nm (Delannoy et al., 2015); 20–300 nm (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009); 2 µm (Kraytsberg and Ein-Eli, 2016) |
| Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) | LiCoO2 | Flakes (Liang et al., 2015) | 20–100 nm (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009); 1–10 µm (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009) |
| Lithium nickel oxide (LNO) | LiNiO2 | – | 3–20 µm (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009) |
| Lithium manganese oxide (LMO) | LiMn2O4 | Spheres (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009) | 30–50 nm (Kraytsberg and Ein-Eli, 2016) |
| Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NMC) | LiNixMnyCozO2 | Spheres (Goriparti et al., 2014) | 3–320 nm (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009); 0.2–10 µm (Sinha and Munichandraiah, 2009) |
| Lithium manganese phosphate (LMP) | LiMnPO4 | Spheres (Yuan et al., 2011) | 130 nm (Yuan et al., 2011) |
| Nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) | LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.0502 | – | 50–70 nm (Kraytsberg and Ein-Eli, 2016) |
| Conductive additives | |||
| CB | – | Spheres (Jada et al., 2014), oval (Jada et al., 2014) | 30–50 nm (World Health Organization, 2018); 200–1,000 nm (Jada et al., 2014) |
| CNF | – | Filamentary | Diameter: 70–200 nm (Yazdani and Mohanam, 2014); length: 50–200 µm (Yazdani and Mohanam, 2014) |
| Chemical formula | Particle shape | Particle size | |
|---|---|---|---|
| C | Flakes ( | 8–20 | |
| C | Spheres, fibers ( | 30–50 nm ( | |
| Li4Ti5O12 | Nanotubes ( | 50–90 nm ( | |
| – | – | nm range ( | |
| – | – | nm range ( | |
| LiFePO4 | Commonly spheres ( | 60–100 nm ( | |
| LiCoO2 | Flakes ( | 20–100 | |
| LiNiO2 | – | 3–20 µm ( | |
| LiMn2O4 | Spheres ( | 30–50 nm ( | |
| LiNixMnyCozO2 | Spheres ( | 3–320 | |
| LiMnPO4 | Spheres ( | 130 nm ( | |
| LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.0502 | – | 50–70 nm ( | |
| – | Spheres ( | 30–50 nm ( | |
| – | Filamentary | Diameter: 70–200 nm ( |
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