Table 1 Overview of the advantages and...

Table 1

Overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the PBF techniques

Techniques		Advantages		Disadvantages	References
SLS	⊕	Use a wide range of materials	⊖	Lower-quality metal parts than EBM parts	Rafiee et al., 2020; Dev Singh et al., 2021
	⊕	Parts are cheaper than EBM parts	⊖	Needs additional post-heat treatment to rough surfaces
	⊕	Design freedom because support structures are not required	⊖	Relatively high cool-down time
	⊕	High level of accuracy	⊖	Susceptible to shrinkage and warping
SLM	⊕	Complex shapes	⊖	Requires post-heat treatment due to stresses	(Rafiee et al., 2020)
	⊕	Use a wide range of materials	⊖	Relatively slow process
	⊕	Tune properties during processing	⊖	Relatively expensive
	⊕	Manufacture parts with high density	⊖	Acute size restrictions
	⊕	Excellent mechanical properties of the 3 D object	⊖	Difficult to control process
	⊕	Design freedom because support structures are not required	⊖	Limited tolerance and surface finishing
			⊖	Susceptible to shrinkage and warping
EBM	⊕	Can process brittle material that cannot be processed by SLM/SLS	⊖	Relatively expensive process	(Rafiee et al., 2020; Wong and Hernandez, 2012)
	⊕		⊖	Limited range of materials
	⊕	Higher efficiency in generating beam in comparison with SLS and SLM	⊖	Needs additional post-processing to rough surfaces
	⊕	Oxidation-reduction to vacuum	⊖	Only conductive alloys can be obtained
	⊕	Lower power consumption than SLM	⊖	Lower level accuracy compared to SLM
	⊕	Design freedom fewer build supports	⊖	High fatigue
	⊕	Efficiency in terms of waste and maximizing strength
MJF	⊕	High production speed	⊖	Limited range of materials	(Rafiee et al., 2020; Ulf Lindhe, 2003; Gokuldoss et al., 2017)
	⊕	Complex shapes	⊖	Limited range of materials
	⊕	High (post-) process automation	⊖	High-performance polymer currently prioritized
	⊕	Efficiency in terms of waste and strength	⊖	High-performance polymer currently prioritized
	⊕	Surfaces and details
	⊕	Full-color printing

Techniques		Advantages		Disadvantages	References
SLS	⊕	Use a wide range of materials	⊖	Lower-quality metal parts than EBM parts	Rafiee et al., 2020; Dev Singh et al., 2021
	⊕	Parts are cheaper than EBM parts	⊖	Needs additional post-heat treatment to rough surfaces
	⊕	Design freedom because support structures are not required	⊖	Relatively high cool-down time
	⊕	High level of accuracy	⊖	Susceptible to shrinkage and warping
SLM	⊕	Complex shapes	⊖	Requires post-heat treatment due to stresses	(Rafiee et al., 2020)
	⊕	Use a wide range of materials	⊖	Relatively slow process
	⊕	Tune properties during processing	⊖	Relatively expensive
	⊕	Manufacture parts with high density	⊖	Acute size restrictions
	⊕	Excellent mechanical properties of the 3 D object	⊖	Difficult to control process
	⊕	Design freedom because support structures are not required	⊖	Limited tolerance and surface finishing
			⊖	Susceptible to shrinkage and warping
EBM	⊕	Can process brittle material that cannot be processed by SLM/SLS	⊖	Relatively expensive process	(Rafiee et al., 2020; Wong and Hernandez, 2012)
	⊕		⊖	Limited range of materials
	⊕	Higher efficiency in generating beam in comparison with SLS and SLM	⊖	Needs additional post-processing to rough surfaces
	⊕	Oxidation-reduction to vacuum	⊖	Only conductive alloys can be obtained
	⊕	Lower power consumption than SLM	⊖	Lower level accuracy compared to SLM
	⊕	Design freedom fewer build supports	⊖	High fatigue
	⊕	Efficiency in terms of waste and maximizing strength
MJF	⊕	High production speed	⊖	Limited range of materials	(Rafiee et al., 2020; Ulf Lindhe, 2003; Gokuldoss et al., 2017)
	⊕	Complex shapes	⊖	Limited range of materials
	⊕	High (post-) process automation	⊖	High-performance polymer currently prioritized
	⊕	Efficiency in terms of waste and strength	⊖	High-performance polymer currently prioritized
	⊕	Surfaces and details
	⊕	Full-color printing

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