Table 2. Data institutions Four... | Emerald Publishing

Table 2.

Data institutions

Four functions	Cases	Analysis
Guidance	Open Data Institute (ODI) GovTechLab	The ODI, based in the UK and founded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, is a non-profit private company that aims to connect, equip and inspire people around the world to innovate with data The purpose of GovTechLab is to facilitate the discussion, adoption and exploration of new digital technologies (AI, IoT, big data and blockchain) with the view to support the adoption of these technologies in the public sector (Mora et al., 2019a)
Advocacy	CCDR	The CCDR cities – already encompassing 41 cities worldwide (Europe, America, Australia and the Middle East), with the support of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) – share best practices, learn from each other’s challenges and successes and coordinate common initiatives and actions
Operationalise	Data commons policy scheme: Open data ecosystem City-data analytics office Open software ecosystem through cityOS DECODE-DECIDIM-METADECIDIM experimental and strategic triad of initiatives	According to previous research by the authors (Calzada, 2018a; Calzada and Almirall, 2019a), the data commons policy scheme could be defined as a way to negotiate the techno-politics of the smart cities as a contentious and dynamic process among several stakeholders, reconfiguring socio-political and power interrelations through conflicting trade-offs, of the ownership of the data and ultimately, of the technology itself
Exploitation	Companies and organisations using the data infrastructures (e.g. open data) Platform and data co-operatives	According to Scholz (2016, p. 16), “platform co-operative is a term that describes technological, cultural, political and social changes” Complementarily, according to Borkin (2019, p. 5), “platform co-operatives are digital platforms that are designed to provide a service or sell a product – and are collectively owned and governed by the people who depend on and participate in them” And according to Hardjono and Pentland (2019, p. 2), “data co-operatives refer to the voluntary collaborative pooling by individuals of their personal data for the benefit of the collective group or community membership”

Four functions	Cases	Analysis
Guidance	Open Data Institute (ODI)GovTechLab	The ODI, based in the UK and founded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, is a non-profit private company that aims to connect, equip and inspire people around the world to innovate with dataThe purpose of GovTechLab is to facilitate the discussion, adoption and exploration of new digital technologies (AI, IoT, big data and blockchain) with the view to support the adoption of these technologies in the public sector (Mora et al., 2019a)
Advocacy	CCDR	The CCDR cities – already encompassing 41 cities worldwide (Europe, America, Australia and the Middle East), with the support of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) – share best practices, learn from each other’s challenges and successes and coordinate common initiatives and actions
Operationalise	Data commons policy scheme:Open data ecosystemCity-data analytics officeOpen software ecosystem through cityOSDECODE-DECIDIM-METADECIDIM experimental and strategic triad of initiatives	According to previous research by the authors (Calzada, 2018a; Calzada and Almirall, 2019a), the data commons policy scheme could be defined as a way to negotiate the techno-politics of the smart cities as a contentious and dynamic process among several stakeholders, reconfiguring socio-political and power interrelations through conflicting trade-offs, of the ownership of the data and ultimately, of the technology itself
Exploitation	Companies and organisations using the data infrastructures (e.g. open data)Platform anddata co-operatives	According to Scholz (2016, p. 16), “platform co-operative is a term that describes technological, cultural, political and social changes”Complementarily, according to Borkin (2019, p. 5), “platform co-operatives are digital platforms that are designed to provide a service or sell a product – and are collectively owned and governed by the people who depend on and participate in them”And according to Hardjono and Pentland (2019, p. 2), “data co-operatives refer to the voluntary collaborative pooling by individuals of their personal data for the benefit of the collective group or community membership”