Table 3. Multiple case study analysis on...

Table 3.

Multiple case study analysis on OL characteristics and sustainability practices

Dimensions	Characteristics	Sustainable practices	Cases
Learning orientation	Learning culture	♦ Continuous training activities including environmental and safety issues	A	B	C
	Learning culture	♦ Empowerment of employees’ talent and innovative solutions		B	C
	Learning approach to strategy	♦ Internal activities and partnership for research and development	A	B	C
		♦ Development of efficient systems towards reduce, reuse and circular economy principles	A	B	C
		♦ Corporate social responsibility initiatives	A	B	C
		♦ Continuous improvement of production process	A		C
	Openness to new ideas	♦ Reward system for employees’ talent			C
		♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions
		♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B	C
	Appreciation of differences	♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
	Appreciation of differences	♦ Respect of human rights		B
	Time for reflection	♦ Work time dedicated to reflecting on new projects/proposals		B	C
	Time for reflection	♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
	Presence of creative tension	♦ Reward system for employees’ talent			C
	Presence of creative tension	♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
	Psychological safety	♦ Respect of human rights		B
	Promotion of dialogue and inquiry	♦ Continuous dialogue with/among employees	A
	Promotion of dialogue and inquiry	♦ Exchange moments among employees		B
	Empower of team orientation and collective vision	♦ Inter-functional teams for innovation			C
	Empower of team orientation and collective vision	♦ Programs for “sense-of-belonging” towards company		B
Learning processes	Continuous training and development	♦ Training for professional development of employees	A	B	C
		♦ Training on environmental policies and objectives to employees	A	B	C
		♦ Training on safety measures to employees			C
		♦ Development planner for employees’ skill development			C
	Reward flexibility	♦ Reward system for employees’ talent			C
	Reward flexibility	♦ Financial and social benefits to employees		B
	Experimentation	♦ Laboratories for research and development	A	B	C
		♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
		♦ Inter-functional teams for innovation			C
		♦ Packaging according to circular economy principles	A	B	C
		♦ System development for energy/materials reuse	A	B	C
		♦ Machine development for recycling waste packaging materials by customers		B
	Enabling flexible structure	♦ System development for energy/materials reuse	A	B	C
		♦ System development for reducing resources used	A	B	C
		♦ Continuous improvement of production process	A		C
		♦ Plan for adapting to climate changes	A
		♦ Reducing geographical distance between production and consume			C
		♦ Development planner for employees’ skill development			C
		♦ Inter-functional teams for innovation			C
	Formative accounting control	♦ Supplier and risk management systems		B	C
		♦ Life cycle assessment system	A	B
		♦ Energy manager		B
		♦ Monitoring of customers		B
	Information collection	♦ Systems of monitoring and measurement (materials, production, risk, safety)	A	B	C
	Information collection	♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B
	Enabling information sharing systems	♦ Systems of monitoring and measurement (materials, production, risk, safety)	A	B	C
		♦ Foundation for research and results sharing	A	B
		♦ Community relation process			C
		♦ Exchange moments among employees		B
		♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B
	Participative policymaking	♦ Research partnerships with universities and institutions	A	B	C
		♦ Business partnerships with clusters and associations	A	B
		♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B
		♦ Collaboration with institutions for public regulation		B
	Connect the organisation to its environment	♦ Responsible supply chain processes	A	B	C
		♦ Responsible marketing	A	B	C
		♦ Continuous training on environmental/social sustainability for other stakeholders		B	C
		♦ Monitoring of external environmental sources impacted by production		B	C
		♦ Responsible consume campaigns	A		C
		♦ Adoption of ethical code for stakeholders	A		C
		♦ Energy from renewable sources		B	C
		♦ Foundation for research and results sharing	A	B
		♦ Participation to cultural and social associations	A	B
		♦ Partnership for tourism and art promotion		B	C
		♦ Award for quality and sustainability to suppliers		B
		♦ Machine development for recycling waste packaging materials by customers		B
		♦ Support to public institutions for infrastructure improvement			C
		♦ Community relation process			C
		♦ Product donation to local community	A
Learning leadership	Provision of strategic leadership for learning	♦ Training on environmental policies and objectives to managers		B

Dimensions	Characteristics	Sustainable practices	Cases
Learning orientation	Learning culture	♦ Continuous training activities including environmental and safety issues	A	B	C
	Learning culture	♦ Empowerment of employees’ talent and innovative solutions		B	C
	Learning approach to strategy	♦ Internal activities and partnership for research and development	A	B	C
		♦ Development of efficient systems towards reduce, reuse and circular economy principles	A	B	C
		♦ Corporate social responsibility initiatives	A	B	C
		♦ Continuous improvement of production process	A		C
	Openness to new ideas	♦ Reward system for employees’ talent			C
		♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions
		♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B	C
	Appreciation of differences	♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
	Appreciation of differences	♦ Respect of human rights		B
	Time for reflection	♦ Work time dedicated to reflecting on new projects/proposals		B	C
	Time for reflection	♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
	Presence of creative tension	♦ Reward system for employees’ talent			C
	Presence of creative tension	♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
	Psychological safety	♦ Respect of human rights		B
	Promotion of dialogue and inquiry	♦ Continuous dialogue with/among employees	A
	Promotion of dialogue and inquiry	♦ Exchange moments among employees		B
	Empower of team orientation and collective vision	♦ Inter-functional teams for innovation			C
	Empower of team orientation and collective vision	♦ Programs for “sense-of-belonging” towards company		B
Learning processes	Continuous training and development	♦ Training for professional development of employees	A	B	C
		♦ Training on environmental policies and objectives to employees	A	B	C
		♦ Training on safety measures to employees			C
		♦ Development planner for employees’ skill development			C
	Reward flexibility	♦ Reward system for employees’ talent			C
	Reward flexibility	♦ Financial and social benefits to employees		B
	Experimentation	♦ Laboratories for research and development	A	B	C
		♦ Hackathon for innovative solutions			C
		♦ Inter-functional teams for innovation			C
		♦ Packaging according to circular economy principles	A	B	C
		♦ System development for energy/materials reuse	A	B	C
		♦ Machine development for recycling waste packaging materials by customers		B
	Enabling flexible structure	♦ System development for energy/materials reuse	A	B	C
		♦ System development for reducing resources used	A	B	C
		♦ Continuous improvement of production process	A		C
		♦ Plan for adapting to climate changes	A
		♦ Reducing geographical distance between production and consume			C
		♦ Development planner for employees’ skill development			C
		♦ Inter-functional teams for innovation			C
	Formative accounting control	♦ Supplier and risk management systems		B	C
		♦ Life cycle assessment system	A	B
		♦ Energy manager		B
		♦ Monitoring of customers		B
	Information collection	♦ Systems of monitoring and measurement (materials, production, risk, safety)	A	B	C
	Information collection	♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B
	Enabling information sharing systems	♦ Systems of monitoring and measurement (materials, production, risk, safety)	A	B	C
		♦ Foundation for research and results sharing	A	B
		♦ Community relation process			C
		♦ Exchange moments among employees		B
		♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B
	Participative policymaking	♦ Research partnerships with universities and institutions	A	B	C
		♦ Business partnerships with clusters and associations	A	B
		♦ Proposals for safety improvement by employees		B
		♦ Collaboration with institutions for public regulation		B
	Connect the organisation to its environment	♦ Responsible supply chain processes	A	B	C
		♦ Responsible marketing	A	B	C
		♦ Continuous training on environmental/social sustainability for other stakeholders		B	C
		♦ Monitoring of external environmental sources impacted by production		B	C
		♦ Responsible consume campaigns	A		C
		♦ Adoption of ethical code for stakeholders	A		C
		♦ Energy from renewable sources		B	C
		♦ Foundation for research and results sharing	A	B
		♦ Participation to cultural and social associations	A	B
		♦ Partnership for tourism and art promotion		B	C
		♦ Award for quality and sustainability to suppliers		B
		♦ Machine development for recycling waste packaging materials by customers		B
		♦ Support to public institutions for infrastructure improvement			C
		♦ Community relation process			C
		♦ Product donation to local community	A
Learning leadership	Provision of strategic leadership for learning	♦ Training on environmental policies and objectives to managers		B

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